week 11 lecture 2 Flashcards
chagas disease is spread by
widespread vectors infected with trypanosoma cruzi
chagas disease exposes
canine exposure and disease
what percentage of emerging infectious diseases originate in wildife
71.8%
Eco-epidemiology
studying pathogens and diseases in populations and communities, as they relate to the environment
eco-epidemiology includes
ecological determinants of patters on disease
zoonotic pathogen maintenance and transmission
vector-borne diseases
biological invasions ofmedical importance
wildlife as sentinels for human disease emergence
conservation medicine
the epidemiologic triad
an external agent
a susceptible host
an environment that brings the host and agent together for disease to occur
many human actions influence
disease emergence
trends in one health of workforce needs
wildlife, ecosystems, and global food security
specific call for veterinarians to be trained in
food safety, public health, epidemiology
research, academics
vectors, hosts, and pathogens are commonly tied to
the lanscape as environmental determinants control their disribution and abundance
new disciplines include
medical/health geography
landscape pathology
landscape epidemiology
pathogenic landscapes
analytical tools to quantify the associations between features of the environment and disease
human cases
animal cases
acarological risk
what is a nidus
a nest; a point of origin; the nucleus of a disease process; point of origin of a morbid process
geographic information systems ((GIS)
software for data capturing, managing, analyzing, and displaying geographically referenced information;
data layers
GIS very useful in
assessing patterns of disease on teh landscape
triatomine species occurrence
x
environmental parameters
temp, precip, elevation
ecological and incidence based risk
x
epidemiological models are tools used to
describe patterns of diseaes in populations
field research used to
quantify parameters
models synthesize
empirical data
run simulations to learn about
the dynamics of a disease system
test specific hypotheses by adjusting
parameters
epidemiological modeling
susceptible; infectious; recovered
recently, there are many claims that biodiversity can serve to
reduce zoonotic risk
“exacerbation of the global burden of disease by biodiversity loss”
biodiversity =
species richness + evenness
wasted bites
from pathogen perspective, any feeding activity by the vector on incompetent hosts
community disassembly
the sequence with which species are lost from a community
lyme disease is increased when
under some circumstances when biodiversity is lost from a community, leaving behind competent hosts
zooprophylaxis
active/passive use of animals to divert vector bites away from humans
zoopotentiation
as the number of animals increases, imporved availability of blood meals may increse mosquito survival therby countering the impact of diverting feeds
how might fragmentation alter vector-borne disease risk
increased contact with humans
alters host community
invasive species and disease risk
nonnative species that spread rapidly
significant threat to native biodiversity
field of ecology has recently begun to address consequences of invasions for disease risk
consequences of invasions
alter distribution, abundance, and diversity of hosts for infectious agents;
alter abiotic features of the local environment, which can influence vector survival rates and transmission rates of pathogens
how might climate change affect the incidence of diseases
geographic distribution (range shifts)
population density (increased production)
prevalence of infection by zoonotic pathogens (increased contact with hosts)
pathogen load in individual hosts and vectors (increased dissemination rates)
