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IMG1004: OB-GYN > week 11- fetal CNS, face, neck, spine > Flashcards

week 11- fetal CNS, face, neck, spine Flashcards

1
Q

what germ layer does the CNS develop from

A

ECTOderm

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2
Q

when does CNS development start

A

week 5

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3
Q

neural tube fusion starts in ___ of embryo and extends to close ___ end at ~5.5 weeks followed by ___ end at 6 weeks

A
  • midtrunk
  • cranial
  • caudal
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4
Q

neural tube is derived from the ___ and is open at the rostral and caudal ends

A

neural plate

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5
Q

prosencephalon

A

forebrain

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6
Q

forebrain develops the ___ and ____

A
  • telecephalon

- diencephalon (thalamus)

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7
Q

midbrain develops the

A

mesencephalon

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8
Q

rhombencephalon

A

hindbrain

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9
Q

hindbrain develops the ___ & ___

A
  • metencephalon (cerebellum & pons

- medulla

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10
Q

CSF is produced by

A

choroid plexus

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11
Q

locations of choroid plexus where CSF is produced (3)

A
  • medial walls of lateral vent
  • roof of 3rd vent
  • roof of 4th vent
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12
Q

acts as a cushion or buffer for the brain’s cortex, providing a basic mechanical and immunological protection to the brain inside the skull, and it serves a vital function in cerebral autoregulation of cerebral blood flow.

A

CSF

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13
Q

the CSF occupies the ___ space and the __ system around and inside the brain and spinal cord

A
  • subarachnoid

- ventricular

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14
Q

flow of CNS from lateral ventricle to the subarachnoid space

A
  • LATERAL vent
  • interventricular foramen of monroe
  • THIRD vent
  • aqueduct of sylvis
  • FOURTH vent
  • foramen of magenie/ luschka
  • SUBARACHNOID space
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15
Q

foramen of __ is the median aperature

A

magendie

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16
Q

foramen of __ is the lateral aperture

A

luschka

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17
Q

the thalamus can be found on either side of the ___ ventricle

A

3rd

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18
Q

hypothalamus is ___ from thalamus

A

anteroinferior

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19
Q

the peneal gland is found ___ to the 3rd ventricle

A

posterior

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20
Q

pons and medulla are the __ part of the brain stem

A

inferior

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21
Q

what do the following do:

  • lateral aperture (foramen of luschka)
  • median aperture of magendie)
A

link the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space (great cistern)

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22
Q

bridges the communication between the 2 hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

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23
Q

at what time do cranial bones begin to ossify, choroid plexus fill the lateral ventricles almost entirely

A

end of first trimester

week 13

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24
Q

corpus callosum begins development at __ weeks and is completed by __ weeks

A

12

18

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25
Q

in weeks 13-15 the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles are __ of choroid plexus

A

devoid

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26
Q

ventricular view is at a level___ than the thalamic view

A

higher

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27
Q

what measurement is taken at the ventricular view

A

atrial measurement

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28
Q

the BPD, OFD, and HC measurements are taken at the ___ view

A

thalamic

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29
Q

pia/arachonoid matter can be seen covering sulci at __ to __ weeks

A

25-26 ( end of second trimester)

30
Q

in the cerebrum & run parallel to the falx cerebri at the superior level (above the ventricles)

A

periventricular lines

31
Q

sonographic appearance of periventricular lines

A

bilateral echogenic area

32
Q

normal measurement of lateral ventricle at 13-40 weeks

A

<10mm

33
Q

BPD measurement is from __ to __

A
  • outer (side closest to probe includes skull)

- inner

34
Q

what measurements are taken at the CSP & thalamic view

A

BPD & HC

35
Q
  • head shape
  • cranial mineralization
  • ventricles
  • CSP
  • Falx cerebri
  • cerebellum & vermis
  • Cistern magna
  • Nuchal fold thickness
A

cranial structures routinely noted on US

36
Q

____ a normal fold of skin seen at the back of the fetal neck

A

nuchal fold

37
Q

Nuchal fold (NF)thickness is ameasurement of the distance from the outer edge of the ___ bone to the outer edge of the ___ in the midline.

A

occipital

skin

38
Q

Nuchal ___ is measured later in pregnancy whereas Nuchal ___ is measured earlier in pregnancy

A

fold

translucency

39
Q

Nuchal fold measurement should NOT exceed

A

6mm

40
Q

orbits and eyes can be seen at __ weeks but clearly seen by __ weeks

A

12

16

41
Q

we are looking for the ___ &__ of orbits

A

number

distance

42
Q

seen as a small echogenic focus within the orbit

A

lens

43
Q

hypotelorism

A

eyes too close together

44
Q

hypertelorism

A

eyes too far apart

45
Q

microphthalmis

A

eyes are rlly small

46
Q

orbital view is obtained in ___ or ___ plane

A

coronal

trv

47
Q

2 types of orbital measurement

A
  • outer orbital distance

- inner orbital distance

48
Q

measurement of choice for orbits

A

outer orbit

49
Q

on the fetal face we look for

A
  • cleft lip

- fetal swallowing & tongue movement

50
Q

nose & lips best seen in the ___ plane

A

coronal

51
Q

profile is taken in the ___ view

A

midline sagittal

52
Q

profile demonstrated the presence and normal configuration of``

A
  • nasal bone
  • lips
  • chin
  • forehead
53
Q

short ears seen in trisomy ___

A

13 & 18

54
Q

low set ears are seen in trisomy __

A

21

55
Q

facial screening is limited by

A
  • too little or too much amniotic fluid
  • bone shadowing
  • maternal obesity
  • fetal position
56
Q

fetal neck images are in ___ planes

A
  • coronal
  • axial
  • sag
57
Q

evaluate the fetal neck for (3)

A
  • cervical spine
  • airway
  • masses
58
Q

Nuchal fold measurement between 15-22wks should be

A

<6mm

59
Q

if nuchal fold is >6mm this is associated with increased risk for

A

trisomy 21

60
Q

landmarks for transcerebellar

A
  • cavum septum pellucidum (CSP)
  • cerebellum
  • cisterna magna
61
Q

spine should have __ ossification centres

A

3

62
Q

1) also termed vertebral body& anterior ossification center

A

centrum

63
Q

2 &3) posterior elements, located posterior to the fetal spinal canal within the laminae

A

rt & lt neural processes

64
Q

both posterior elements of spine are visualized by __ weeks

A

12

65
Q

spinal canal runs through the ___ and __ ossification centres and during the scan can be seen until the level of the ___

A

-rt & lt neural processes

2&3

66
Q

spine normally widens slightly in the __ and ___ areas`

A

cervical

lumbar

67
Q

spine normally narrows at the ___

A

sacrum

68
Q

in the sagittal plane, ___ ossification centres can be imaged

A

2

69
Q

in the coronal plane, __ ossification centres can be imaged

A

2

70
Q

in the transverse plane, __ ossification centres can be identified

A

3

71
Q

how many vertebrae are there in each section? total?

A 
cervical- 7
thoracic- 12
lumbar-5
sacral-5
coccygeal-4
TOTAL = 33

IMG1004: OB-GYN (12 decks)

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