week 1 - intro to pelvic sono Flashcards
bones that make up the female pelvis
- innominate
- ilium, ishium, pubis - sacrum & cocyx
how many innominate bone structures make up pelvis
- (1 on each side fuse @ sacrum & pubis)
What bones form the posterior wall of the pelvis
sacrum & coccyx
what bones form the lateral and anterior walls
innominate
-ilium, ishium, pubis
The Innominate bones join posteriorly at the ___ and anteriorly in the ___
- sacrum
2. pubis
The ___ surface of each of the innominate bone forms the acetabulum, the socket for the femoral head.
outer
3 principles for female pelvis
- provide weight bearing bridge b/w spine and lower limbs
- directs pathway of fetal head
- protect reproductive organs
True and False pelvis separated by imaginary line
Linea terminalis
The ___ pelvis is below the linea terminalis, has a horizontally oriented inlet and a vertically oriented outlet
True
Pelvic colon, rectum, bladder, uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, vagina, suspensory ligaments.
true pelvis organs
Ileum, sigmoid Colon
false pelvis organs
pelvic floor muscles
levator ani & coccygeus
___ is superior to iliopectineal line (linea terminalis)
false pelvis
pelvic posterior wall muscles
primiformis & psoas major
sonographically ___ have these characteristics: Borders outlined by echogenic fascia & retroperitoneal fat, contain linear striations
pelvic muscles
3 levator ani muscles
- puborectalis
- pubococcxygeus
- iliococcygeus
muscles that make up the the pelvic diaphragm
- levator ani
2. coccygeus
pelvic diaphragm muscle function: Midline anterolateral support
pubococcygeus
pelvic diaphragm muscle function: Posterolateral Support
iliococcygeus
pelvic diaphragm muscle function: Anterior support
puborectalis
pelvic diaphragm muscle function: sacral support
coccygeus
2 muscles in true pelvis that functionally relate to hip movement
- Piriformis
2. Obturator Internus (Ob int.)
muscles that exit the pelvis thru the lesser sciatic notch to the greater trochanter
Ob int. (Obturator Internus)
greater sciatic notches are filled in by the ___ muscles, which arises from the sacrum and margins of Greater Sciatic notches and extend posteriorly to insert into the greater trochanter
piriformis
Ob int. muscles are ___ to piriformis muscles
anterior
posterior pelvis muscles
- illiopsoas
- psoas
- iliacus
anterior pelvis muscle
linea alba
- fuse L & R recuts abdominus
muscle superior to the pubis, around symphysis to the inferior surface of costal cartilage ( rib 5-7) between the umbilicus and the xiphoid
rectus abdominis
T/ F & reason: for pelvic US exams we want bladder full
True - window to view pelvis since it will be pushed up against it
Name the bones that create the acetabulum? What is the acetabulum?
- innominate bones
- socket for the femoral head
T/F: Coccygeus is part of Levator ani
FALSE
briefly describe hormonal changes in menstrual cycle
day 1: bleed
- low estrogen
- stimulate GRH in hypothalam
- stimulate gradual increase of FSH & LH from ant. pituitary
- sharp peak of estrogen before ovulation (late follicular phase)
- cause inhibition of FSH but stimulation of LH
- induces ovulation
- estrogen decrease after ovulation
- progesterone secretion increase
- if no fertilization corpus luteum regress
- drop of progesterone and estrogen
- endometrium disintegrate and menstruation occur
The Basic Function of Menstrual Cycle
- reproduce
- provide new lining for implantation
- nutrients for new egg
define menarche
time of first menstrual period
function of ___: stimulate release of FSH & LH by anterior pituitary that act on ovaries
Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GRH)
function of ___: stimulates the development of the ovarian follicles and the production ofestrogenby the follicular cells
FSH
function of ___: serves as the “trigger” for ovulation and stimulates the follicular cells and corpus luteum to produce progesterone
LH
function of ___: stimulate the growth of egg follicle
estrogen
where is estrogen produced
ovaries
function of ___: prepares endometrium for implantation (thickens it) & mammary glands for lactation
progesterone
where is progesterone produced
corpus luteum
3 phases of menstrual cycle
- menstrual phase (days 1-5)
- proliferative phase (day 5-14)
- luteal/ secretory phase (14-28)
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) produce cyclic changes in the ovaries known as
ovarian cycle
what happens in the menstrual phase
lasts 4-5 days
- endometrium sheds
- ends with thin endometrium
what happens in the proliferative phase
lasts 9 days
-endometrium thickens as follicle grows
what happens in the luteal phase
lasts 13 days
- formation and growth of corpus luteum
- endometrium thicken bc of estrogen & progesterone from corpus luteum
- no fertilization = corpus disintegrate
- -drop of estrogen and progesterone
Degeneration of the corpus luteum is prevented by___
HCG
-used in pregnancy tests
ALARA
as low as reasonably possible
transabdominal probe/ bladder status
- 3.5-5 MHz curved linear
- full
transvaginal probe / bladder status
- 8 MHz
- empty
Which muscle reside in the false pelvis?
iliopsoas
Endometrial sloughing occurs during what phase?
early follicular / menstruation
