Week 10

Question 1

3 sections of the vertebrae (superior to inferior)

Answer 1

Cervical
Thoracic
Lumbar

Question 2

Define costotransverse joint

Answer 2

joint between rib and vertebrae

Question 3

3 main vertebral landmarks

Answer 3

• Transverse process
  
  • Spinous process
  • Costal facet

Question 4

4 ligament of the spine

Answer 4

• Anterior longitudinal,
  
  • Posterior longitudinal
  • Supraspinous
  • Interspinous

Question 5

Anterior and posterior longitudinal function

Answer 5

• Anterior longitudinal, resist excessive extension

- Posterior longitudinal, resist excessive flexion

Question 6

3 joints of the spine and pelvis

Answer 6

• Intervertebral
  
  • Facet (apophyseal)
  • Sacroiliac joint

Question 7

The disc nucleus is encased in the multiple layers of what

Answer 7

annulus fibrosis

Question 8

What are the 7 muscles of the spine

Answer 8

Multifidus 
The erector spinae 
Quadratus lumborum 
Rectus abdominis 
External oblique 
Internal oblique 
Transverus abdominus

Question 9

Multifidus function

• origin
• Insertion

Answer 9

Function: is an important stabilizer of the lumbar spine
Origin: Posterior sacrum
Insertion: Spinous processes of vertebrae

Question 10

The erector spinae function

• origin
• Insertion

Answer 10

Function: to straighten the back and provide for side-to-side rotation
Origin: Spinous processes of T9-T12
Insertion: spinous processes of T1 and T2

Question 11

Quadratus lumborum function

Answer 11

Lateral flexor and extensor of the lumbar spine

Question 12

Rectus abdominis function

Answer 12

Trunk flexor, rotator and lateral flexor

Question 13

Transverus abdominus function

Answer 13

Minor role in trunk rotation

Question 14

Internal and external oblique function

Answer 14

External - bilaterally to flex the trunk and compress its contents
Internal - flexion and rotation of the trunk. Accessory in respiration

Question 15

Define trunk stability

Answer 15

the capacity of the trunk muscles to maintain a static posture in the face of destabilizing external forces / torques. Stability is important when transferring forces from lower to upper body

Question 16

Define Intra-abdominal pressure

Answer 16

is the pressure within the abdominal cavity

Question 17

Define Valsalva maneuver

Answer 17

Exerting pressure against a closed glottis

Question 18

4 methods to decrease trunk extensor forces

Answer 18

• Decrease external load and lifting speed
  
  • Decrease resistance arm length (hold loads closer)
  • Increase effort arm length
  • Squat vs stoop (bending over without bending knees)

Question 19

What is the silent period of the erectors

Answer 19

When lifting relatively light loads the superficial erector spinae become electrically silent (no EMG) in positions of near full hip flexion

Question 20

4 disc risks when training the trunk

Answer 20

• Losing the neutral spine under loading
  
  • Repetitive cycles of spinal flexion
  • Long durations of spinal flexion
  • Coactivation of trunk muscles