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Pharmacology > Week 1: Part Two > Flashcards

Week 1: Part Two Flashcards

1
Q

What is the dose response curve?

A

A time vs. concentration curve that is characteristic of the drug’s administration and bioprocessing characteristics
(Tells us how often drugs should be given)

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2
Q

What are some biological barriers and membranes drugs need to cross?

A

Gastric, ruminal, and small and large bowel flora and secretions
Hydrophilic or lipophilic
Level of ionization and pH
Are there cell receptors for the drug?

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3
Q

What is the grapefruit problem?

A

When certain foods/substances tie up enzymes making the metabolism of the drug slow down, blood level to increase, and the drug does not work properly

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4
Q

What does ‘metabolism’ mean in ADME?

A

Type of change the drug needs to go through (through metabolic processes)

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5
Q

Where does most of metabolism occur (involving drugs) in the body?

A

Liver

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6
Q

Explain how drugs go through the portal venous circulation

A
  • Drug enters body
  • Absorbed in small intestine
  • Goes through bowel wall
  • Enters portal vein
  • Enters liver
  • Enters kidney
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7
Q

What is the first pass effect (of hepatic metabolism)?

A

Some drugs are metabolized by hepatocytes as they arrive from the portal circulation
(Before the drug gets to the brain, it has already been to the liver and metabolism has already started)

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8
Q

What are some ways you can avoid hepatic metabolism?

A

Transdermal therapy, sublingual, rectally

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9
Q

What are the two ‘frequent scenarios’ involved with excretion of a drug

A
  1. Hepatic conversion (biometabolism) from a lipid soluble to a water soluble form (drug is now able to be filtered via glomerular filtration)
  2. Hepatic conjugation for billary excretion (altered drug form now joins the secretions of the GIT)
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10
Q

What is enerohepatic circulation?

A

Drug is reabsorbed and reused

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11
Q

What is net bioavailability?

A

Protein binding (by the degree of molecule’s attachment to albumin or a globulin)

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12
Q

What is protein binding?

A

May further inhibit availability to the cell of an active therapeutic molecule

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13
Q

How is recommended dose established?

A

All of the interacting pieces of ADME create a time vs. concentration curve that is characteristic of the drug’s administration and bioprocessing characteristics

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14
Q

What is the parasympathetic system also known as?

A

Cholinergics or anticholinergics

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15
Q

What is the sympathetic system also known as?

A

Adrenergics or blockers

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16
Q

What receptors are under the parasympathetic system?

A

Muscarinic receptors and nicotinic receptors

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17
Q

What receptors are under the sympathetic system?

A

Alpha and beta receptors

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18
Q

What does the sympathetic system control?

A

Fight or flight

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19
Q

What does the parasympathetic system control?

A

Homeostatic

20
Q

Parasympathetic system:
Do we…
Block/Rarely block
Simulate/Rarely stimulate

A

Block, rarely stimulate

21
Q

Sympathetic system:
Do we…
Block/Rarely block
Stimulate/Rarely stimulate

A

Rarely block, stimulate

22
Q

When you have high blood pressure, what receptor helps lower it?

A

Beta receptors

23
Q

What is an agonist?

A

substance that binds and stimulates a receptor

24
Q

What is an antagonist?

A

substance that blocks and inhibits a recepter

25
Q

What are some characteristics of epinephrine/adrenalin?

A
  • General mimetic with diverse (alpha + beta) sympathetic actions
  • Physiologic substance that makes heart pound
  • Always a liquid
26
Q

What can alpha blockers cause?

A

Hypertension

27
Q

When are beta receptor blockers considered?

A

With cardiovascular drugs

28
Q

What is vagal tone and what can it cause?

A

Traveling down vagus nerve

Can cause slower heart rate when vagal tone is increased

29
Q

What does ADME stand for?

A

Administration, distribution, metabolism, excretion

30
Q

What are some characteristics of nor-epinephrine/levophed?

A
  • More effects on precap arterioles to raise BP
  • Selective effect
  • Effects capillaries
31
Q

What are some characteristics of isoproterenol/isuprel?

A
  • Bronchodilator primarily

- Beta receptor mimetic

32
Q

What are some characteristics of dopamine/intropin?

A
  • Slow IV drips for CHF and shock
  • Short half life
  • Supports blood pressure
  • Quickly metabolized
  • CRI’s
33
Q

What are some characteristics of dobutamine/dobutrex?

A
  • Selective beta-1 helps support heart failure

- Supports cardiac output

34
Q

What are some characteristics of phenylpropanolamine?

A
  • Increases urinary sphincter tone for dribbling incontinence
  • Decongestant
  • Tightens sphincter
35
Q

What is acepromazine?

A

Anti anxiety/stress
Gave as tranquilizers
VERY unpredictable
ALWAYS drops blood pressure

36
Q

What does atropine do?

A

Stops production of tears, stops vagal tone

37
Q

What is the trade name of glycopyrrolate?

A

Robinul-V

38
Q

“glyco” lasts two times longer than…

A

Atropine

39
Q

What is the trade name for aminopentamide?

A

Centrine

40
Q

What does aminopentamide/centrine do?

A

Stops hyper secretion of diarrhea

41
Q

What does propantheline/pro-banthine do?

A
  • Helps GI spasms and urinary incontinence

- used for diarrhea

42
Q

What is the trade name of isoproterenol?

A

Isuprel

43
Q

What is Dopamine’s trade name?

A

Intropin

44
Q

What is the trade name for dobutamine?

A

Dobutrex

45
Q

What is the trade name of propantheline?

A

Pro-Bathine

46
Q

What is epinephrine’s trade name?

A

Adrenalin

47
Q

What is the trade name of nor-epinephrine?

A

Levophed

Pharmacology (20 decks)

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