Week 1: Part Two Flashcards
What is the dose response curve?
A time vs. concentration curve that is characteristic of the drug’s administration and bioprocessing characteristics
(Tells us how often drugs should be given)
What are some biological barriers and membranes drugs need to cross?
Gastric, ruminal, and small and large bowel flora and secretions
Hydrophilic or lipophilic
Level of ionization and pH
Are there cell receptors for the drug?
What is the grapefruit problem?
When certain foods/substances tie up enzymes making the metabolism of the drug slow down, blood level to increase, and the drug does not work properly
What does ‘metabolism’ mean in ADME?
Type of change the drug needs to go through (through metabolic processes)
Where does most of metabolism occur (involving drugs) in the body?
Liver
Explain how drugs go through the portal venous circulation
- Drug enters body
- Absorbed in small intestine
- Goes through bowel wall
- Enters portal vein
- Enters liver
- Enters kidney
What is the first pass effect (of hepatic metabolism)?
Some drugs are metabolized by hepatocytes as they arrive from the portal circulation
(Before the drug gets to the brain, it has already been to the liver and metabolism has already started)
What are some ways you can avoid hepatic metabolism?
Transdermal therapy, sublingual, rectally
What are the two ‘frequent scenarios’ involved with excretion of a drug
- Hepatic conversion (biometabolism) from a lipid soluble to a water soluble form (drug is now able to be filtered via glomerular filtration)
- Hepatic conjugation for billary excretion (altered drug form now joins the secretions of the GIT)
What is enerohepatic circulation?
Drug is reabsorbed and reused
What is net bioavailability?
Protein binding (by the degree of molecule’s attachment to albumin or a globulin)
What is protein binding?
May further inhibit availability to the cell of an active therapeutic molecule
How is recommended dose established?
All of the interacting pieces of ADME create a time vs. concentration curve that is characteristic of the drug’s administration and bioprocessing characteristics
What is the parasympathetic system also known as?
Cholinergics or anticholinergics
What is the sympathetic system also known as?
Adrenergics or blockers
What receptors are under the parasympathetic system?
Muscarinic receptors and nicotinic receptors
What receptors are under the sympathetic system?
Alpha and beta receptors
What does the sympathetic system control?
Fight or flight
What does the parasympathetic system control?
Homeostatic
Parasympathetic system:
Do we…
Block/Rarely block
Simulate/Rarely stimulate
Block, rarely stimulate
Sympathetic system:
Do we…
Block/Rarely block
Stimulate/Rarely stimulate
Rarely block, stimulate
When you have high blood pressure, what receptor helps lower it?
Beta receptors
What is an agonist?
substance that binds and stimulates a receptor
What is an antagonist?
substance that blocks and inhibits a recepter
What are some characteristics of epinephrine/adrenalin?
- General mimetic with diverse (alpha + beta) sympathetic actions
- Physiologic substance that makes heart pound
- Always a liquid
What can alpha blockers cause?
Hypertension
When are beta receptor blockers considered?
With cardiovascular drugs
What is vagal tone and what can it cause?
Traveling down vagus nerve
Can cause slower heart rate when vagal tone is increased
What does ADME stand for?
Administration, distribution, metabolism, excretion
What are some characteristics of nor-epinephrine/levophed?
- More effects on precap arterioles to raise BP
- Selective effect
- Effects capillaries
What are some characteristics of isoproterenol/isuprel?
- Bronchodilator primarily
- Beta receptor mimetic
What are some characteristics of dopamine/intropin?
- Slow IV drips for CHF and shock
- Short half life
- Supports blood pressure
- Quickly metabolized
- CRI’s
What are some characteristics of dobutamine/dobutrex?
- Selective beta-1 helps support heart failure
- Supports cardiac output
What are some characteristics of phenylpropanolamine?
- Increases urinary sphincter tone for dribbling incontinence
- Decongestant
- Tightens sphincter
What is acepromazine?
Anti anxiety/stress
Gave as tranquilizers
VERY unpredictable
ALWAYS drops blood pressure
What does atropine do?
Stops production of tears, stops vagal tone
What is the trade name of glycopyrrolate?
Robinul-V
“glyco” lasts two times longer than…
Atropine
What is the trade name for aminopentamide?
Centrine
What does aminopentamide/centrine do?
Stops hyper secretion of diarrhea
What does propantheline/pro-banthine do?
- Helps GI spasms and urinary incontinence
- used for diarrhea
What is the trade name of isoproterenol?
Isuprel
What is Dopamine’s trade name?
Intropin
What is the trade name for dobutamine?
Dobutrex
What is the trade name of propantheline?
Pro-Bathine
What is epinephrine’s trade name?
Adrenalin
What is the trade name of nor-epinephrine?
Levophed
