Week 1: Neurotransmitters Flashcards
Types of neurotransmitters
- Fast-acting
- Slow-acting
Fast-acting neurotransmitter
- Act directly
- Transmission requires less than 1/1000 of a second
Slow-acting neurotransmitter
- Act indirectly
- Transmission requires 1/10 s to minutes
Neuromodulators
Alter neural function by acting at a distance away from the synaptic cleft
How long does it take for neuromodulators to act?
More slowly and last longer than neurotransmitters
How long do the effects of neuromodulators last?
Minutes to days
Effect of Ach in skeletal muscle
Muscle contraction
Effect of Ach in ANS
- Slow heart
- Constrict pupil
- Increase GI secretion/contraction
- Parasympathetic
Effect of Ach in the brain
- Arousal
- Pleasure
- Reward
- Cognitive function
Effect of glutamate in the brain
- Excitatory effect
- Learning and memory
Effect of glycine in the spinal cord
Inhibition
Effect of GABA in the CNS
- Inhibition
- Sedation
- Anti-anxiety
- Anti-seizure
- Sleep inducing
Effect of dopamine on the emotional system?
Feeling of wanting a reward
Effect of dopamine on the basal ganglia?
- Control of movement
- Attention
- Decision making
- Goal-directed behavior
Effect of dopamine on the frontal lobe?
Thinking, planning
Effect of norepinephrine on the adrenal gland, sympathetic NS?
- Increased HR and force
- Dilation of bronchioles
- Inhibition of peristalsis
Effect of norepinephrine on the emotional system, some cerebral cortex?
- Control of mood
- Increased attention to sensry
Effect of serotonin on the CNS?
Regulates sleep, appetite, arousal, and mood
Effect of histamine on the brain?
Regulates wakefulness and attention
Endogenous opioid peptides produced?
Inhibit nociceptive signals
Substance P
- Signals tissue damage
- Involves perception of normally innocuous stimuli as painful
Calcitonin gene-related peptide
Long-term neural changes in migraine HAs
Which neurotransmitters are amino acids?
Glycine, glutamate, and GABA
Which neurotransmitters are amines?
Domaine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and histamine
Which neurotransmitters are peptides?
Opioids, substance P, clacitonin gene-related peptide
