Week 1 - Malnutrition Flashcards
Why does overeating occur?
Homeostatic system is override by the hedonic reward system, leading to overconsumption
What is the definition of obesity?
+ fat mass and sufficient magnitude to produce adverse health consequences
What is the glycaemic index?
Quantitative comparison of blood glucose responses to ingestion of equivalent amounts of carbohydrate, from different food sources
How much should your daily carb intake be? How much should your daily fibre intake be?
50% daily energy 30% daily energy
What is the effect of fibre on the digestiv system?
Has a bulking effect Speeds up colonic transit Lowers cholesterol
Where do you find vitamin B12? What does a deficiency lead to?
In animal products and yeast Megaloblastic anaemia and neuropathy
Where do you find folate? What does a deficiency lead to?
In green veg Anaemia and risk of neural tube defects
Where do you find vitamin D?
Fish oils Egg yolk Butter
What is the role of vitamin D in the body?
Intestinal calcium and phosphorus absorption Renal calcium and phosphate absorption Neuromuscular and immune functions –> apoptosis and inflammation
What does a vitamin D deficiency lead to?
Rickets (children) Osteomalacia (adults)
What are the symptoms of vitamin D toxicity?
Weakness Diarrhoea Nausea Headache Abdominal pain Hypercalcaemia
What is a mineral?
Inorganic elements with physiological function in body
What is iron required for in the body? Where is iron stored? How is iron transferred to bone marrow?
Red cells Electron transport Cytochrome P450 Spleen, liver, bone marrow Via transferrin
What are the 2 sources of iron?
Meat = Haem = 10% Vegetables = non-haem = 90%
What is dietetics?
Use of diet in prevention or treatment of a disease
What things do you check in order to assess a person’s nutritional status?
Anthropometry Body composition Biochem and haematology Function Dietary assessment
What is MUST?
Malnutrition universal screening tool
What are the 4 types of undernutrition?
Generalised = calorie deficiency
Specific = deficiency of certain nutrient
Primary = related to diet
Secondary = related to illness
What is the response to undernutrition?
What are the 2 types of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM)?
Dry PEM = msarasmus = no oedema, general, severe calorie and protein deificiency
Wet PEM = kwashiorkor = oedema, specific, severe protein deficiency = hypoalbuminaemia
What is the concept of refeeding syndrome?
When is enteral nutritional support used?
How does it work?
When patients haven’t/ or are expected to not receive proper nutrition for 7 days
Small bowel feeding with pump, 8-20 hours
Formulas have different energy densities
What is the function of Peyer’s patches?
Prevent growth of bacteria in intestines
How can you investigate a potential GI infection?
Grow bacterial culture
Look for specific toxins
Look for parasites with microscope
Detect specific antigens (i.e. H. pylori)
What are issues with C. diff?
Vegetative cells produce toxin
Can colonise and not cause disease
Antibiotic treatment kills other bacteria, allowing C. diff to multiply
Treat with metronidazole or vancomycin (severe cases)
