Week 1 Kach & Medications

Question 1

Aldosterone

Affect on BP

Answer 1

Hormone released by adrenal cortex increase retention of sodium & water

Increased BP

Question 2

Hormone released by adrenal cortex increase retention of sodium & water

Increased BP

Answer 2

Aldosterone

Question 3

Peptide hormone that caused Vasoconstriction & stimulates aldosterone & ADH

Answer 3

Angiotensin

Question 4

ACE Inhibitors (e.g., Lisinopril, Enalapril)

Uses: Hypertension, heart failure, post-MI.

Major Side Effects: (5)

Answer 4

Dry cough (due to bradykinin buildup).

Hyperkalemia (high potassium).

Angioedema (swelling of face, tongue, and throat; rare but serious).

Hypotension (especially after the first dose).

Renal impairment (in patients with pre-existing kidney disease).

Question 5

Major Side Effects:
Dry cough (due to bradykinin buildup).
Hyperkalemia (high potassium).
Angioedema (swelling of face, tongue, and throat; rare but serious).
Hypotension (especially after the first dose).
Renal impairment (in patients with pre-existing kidney disease).

Name class of meds…
Give examples…
Major uses…

Answer 5

ACE Inhibitors (e.g., Lisinopril, Enalapril)

Uses: Hypertension, heart failure, post-MI.

Question 6

Beta-Blockers (e.g., Metoprolol, Atenolol)

Uses: Hypertension, angina, heart failure, arrhythmias.

Major side effects…(6)

Answer 6

Major Side Effects:

Bradycardia (slow heart rate).

Hypotension.

Fatigue.

Depression or mood changes.

Bronchospasm (in non-selective beta-blockers like propranolol, especially in asthma).

Impotence.

Question 7

Major Side Effects:
Bradycardia (slow heart rate).
Hypotension.
Fatigue.
Depression or mood changes.
Bronchospasm (in non-selective beta-blockers like propranolol, especially in asthma).
Impotence.

Name class of medication
Give examples
Major uses

Answer 7

Beta-Blockers (e.g., Metoprolol, Atenolol)
Uses: Hypertension, angina, heart failure, arrhythmias.

Question 8

Calcium Channel Blockers (e.g., Amlodipine, Verapamil)

Uses: Hypertension, angina, arrhythmias.

Major Side Effects: (6)

Answer 8

Peripheral edema (swelling in legs/ankles).

Headache.

Dizziness.

Constipation (especially with verapamil).

Bradycardia or heart block (non-dihydropyridines like verapamil and diltiazem).

Question 9

Major Side Effects:
Peripheral edema (swelling in legs/ankles).
Headache.
Dizziness.
Constipation (especially with verapamil).
Bradycardia or heart block (non-dihydropyridines like verapamil and diltiazem).

Answer 9

Calcium Channel Blockers (e.g., Amlodipine, Verapamil, diltiazem)
Uses: Hypertension, angina, arrhythmias.

Question 10

Diuretics (e.g., Furosemide, Hydrochlorothiazide)

Uses: Hypertension, heart failure, fluid retention.

Major Side Effects: (5)

Answer 10

Electrolyte imbalances (e.g., hypokalemia, hyponatremia).
Dehydration.
Hypotension.
Hyperuricemia (can worsen gout).
Ototoxicity (with high doses of furosemide).

Question 11

Major Side Effects:
Electrolyte imbalances (e.g., hypokalemia, hyponatremia).
Dehydration.
Hypotension.
Hyperuricemia (can worsen gout).
Ototoxicity (with high doses of furosemide).

Name class of medication
Give examples
Major uses

Answer 11

Diuretics (e.g., Furosemide, Hydrochlorothiazide)

Uses: Hypertension, heart failure, fluid retention.

Question 12

Anticoagulants (e.g., Warfarin, Heparin)

Uses: Prevent blood clots (DVT, PE, stroke).

Major Side Effects: (4)

Answer 12

Bleeding (e.g., gastrointestinal or intracranial).
Bruising.
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) (rare but serious).
Osteoporosis (long-term heparin use).

Question 13

Major Side Effects:
Bleeding (e.g., gastrointestinal or intracranial).
Bruising.
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) (rare but serious).
Osteoporosis (long-term heparin use).

Class of medication
Examples
Major uses

Answer 13

Anticoagulants (e.g., Warfarin, Heparin)

Uses: Prevent blood clots (DVT, PE, stroke).

Question 14

Antiplatelets (e.g., Aspirin, Clopidogrel)

Uses: Prevent arterial clots (MI, stroke).

Major Side Effects (3)

Answer 14

Major Side Effects:
Bleeding (e.g., gastrointestinal, easy bruising).
Gastric ulcers (with aspirin).
Thrombocytopenia (rare).

Question 15

Major Side Effects:
Bleeding (e.g., gastrointestinal, easy bruising).
Gastric ulcers (with aspirin).
Thrombocytopenia (rare).

Class of meds
Examples
Major uses

Answer 15

Antiplatelets (e.g., Aspirin, Clopidogrel)
Uses: Prevent arterial clots (MI, stroke).

Question 16

Statins (e.g., Atorvastatin, Simvastatin)

Uses: Lower cholesterol, prevent cardiovascular events.

Major Side Effects: (4)

Answer 16

Myopathy (muscle pain or weakness).
Rhabdomyolysis (rare but serious muscle breakdown).
Hepatotoxicity (elevated liver enzymes).
Hyperglycemia (may worsen diabetes risk).

Question 17

Major Side Effects:
Myopathy (muscle pain or weakness).
Rhabdomyolysis (rare but serious muscle breakdown).
Hepatotoxicity (elevated liver enzymes).
Hyperglycemia (may worsen diabetes risk).

Class of medication
Examples
Major uses

Answer 17

Statins (e.g., Atorvastatin, Simvastatin)

Uses: Lower cholesterol, prevent cardiovascular events.

Question 18

Nitrates (e.g., Nitroglycerin, Isosorbide Mononitrate)

Uses: Angina relief.

Major Side Effects: (4)

Answer 18

Major Side Effects:
Headache.
Hypotension (can lead to dizziness or syncope).
Reflex tachycardia.
Flushing.

Question 19

Major Side Effects:
Headache.
Hypotension (can lead to dizziness or syncope).
Reflex tachycardia.
Flushing.

Name class of medication
Examples
Major uses

Answer 19

Nitrates (e.g., Nitroglycerin, Isosorbide Mononitrate)

Uses: Angina relief.

Question 20

Antiarrhythmics (e.g., Amiodarone, Digoxin)

Uses: Treat arrhythmias (AFib, VT).

Amiodarone Side Effects:

Digoxin Side Effects:

Answer 20

Amiodarone Side Effects:

Pulmonary toxicity (lung fibrosis).
Thyroid dysfunction (hypo- or hyperthyroidism).
Photosensitivity.
Hepatotoxicity.
Digoxin Side Effects:

Nausea/vomiting.
Visual disturbances (yellow-green halos).
Bradycardia or AV block.

Question 21

Amiodarone Side Effects:

Pulmonary toxicity (lung fibrosis).
Thyroid dysfunction (hypo- or hyperthyroidism).
Photosensitivity.
Hepatotoxicity.
Digoxin Side Effects:

Nausea/vomiting.
Visual disturbances (yellow-green halos).
Bradycardia or AV block.

Class of medication
Examples
Major use

Answer 21

Antiarrhythmics (e.g., Amiodarone, Digoxin)

Uses: Treat arrhythmias (AFib, VT).

Question 22

Vasodilators (e.g., Hydralazine)
Uses: Severe hypertension, heart failure.
Major Side Effects: (4)

Answer 22

Reflex tachycardia.
Fluid retention.
Lupus-like syndrome (rare, with hydralazine).

Question 23

Major Side Effects:
Reflex tachycardia.
Fluid retention.
Lupus-like syndrome (rare, with hydralazine).

Classification
Examples
Major uses

Answer 23

Vasodilators (e.g., Hydralazine)

Uses: Severe hypertension, heart failure.

Question 24

Monitor Blood Pressure: Watch for hypotension, especially after the first dose.
Check Potassium Levels: Risk of hyperkalemia; avoid potassium supplements or potassium-sparing diuretics.
Assess Renal Function: Monitor creatinine and kidney function, especially in patients with renal impairment.
Monitor for Angioedema: Swelling of the face, tongue, or throat is a medical emergency.
Educate About Dry Cough: Reassure patients it is a common side effect and consult the provider if severe.

Answer 24

ACE Inhibitors (e.g., Lisinopril, Enalapril)

Question 25

ACE Inhibitors (e.g., Lisinopril, Enalapril)

Answer 25

ACE Inhibitors (e.g., Lisinopril, Enalapril) Monitor Blood Pressure: Watch for hypotension, especially after the first dose. Check Potassium Levels: Risk of hyperkalemia; avoid potassium supplements or potassium-sparing diuretics. Assess Renal Function: Monitor creatinine and kidney function, especially in patients with renal impairment. Monitor for Angioedema: Swelling of the face, tongue, or throat is a medical emergency. Educate About Dry Cough: Reassure patients it is a common side effect and consult the provider if severe.

Question 26

Beta-Blockers (e.g., Metoprolol, Atenolol) Nursing considerations (5)

Answer 26

Monitor Heart Rate and Blood Pressure: Hold the medication if HR < 60 bpm or SBP < 90 mmHg unless otherwise directed. Assess for Fatigue: Common initially but often improves over time. Watch for Bronchospasm: Be cautious with non-selective beta-blockers in patients with asthma or COPD. Do Not Stop Abruptly: Educate patients to taper off the medication to avoid rebound hypertension or tachycardia. Monitor Blood Glucose in Diabetics: Can mask symptoms of hypoglycemia.

Question 27

Monitor Heart Rate and Blood Pressure: Hold the medication if HR < 60 bpm or SBP < 90 mmHg unless otherwise directed. Assess for Fatigue: Common initially but often improves over time. Watch for Bronchospasm: Be cautious with non-selective beta-blockers in patients with asthma or COPD. Do Not Stop Abruptly: Educate patients to taper off the medication to avoid rebound hypertension or tachycardia. Monitor Blood Glucose in Diabetics: Can mask symptoms of hypoglycemia. Name class of medication Examples

Answer 27

Beta-Blockers (e.g., Metoprolol, Atenolol)

Question 28

Monitor for Edema: Encourage patients to elevate legs or reduce sodium intake if swelling occurs. Check Heart Rate: Especially with non-dihydropyridines like verapamil or diltiazem; risk of bradycardia. Assess for Constipation: Encourage fiber-rich foods and adequate hydration. Monitor Blood Pressure: Watch for hypotension. Avoid Grapefruit Juice: Can increase drug levels and lead to toxicity. Class of medication Examples

Answer 28

Calcium Channel Blockers (e.g., Amlodipine, Verapamil)

Question 29

Calcium Channel Blockers (e.g., Amlodipine, Verapamil) Nursing considerations (5)

Answer 29

Monitor for Edema: Encourage patients to elevate legs or reduce sodium intake if swelling occurs. Check Heart Rate: Especially with non-dihydropyridines like verapamil or diltiazem; risk of bradycardia. Assess for Constipation: Encourage fiber-rich foods and adequate hydration. Monitor Blood Pressure: Watch for hypotension. Avoid Grapefruit Juice: Can increase drug levels and lead to toxicity.

Question 30

Monitor Electrolytes: Check for hypokalemia (loop/thiazide diuretics) or hyperkalemia (potassium-sparing diuretics). Assess for Dehydration: Monitor for signs such as dry mouth, low urine output, and dizziness. Monitor Blood Pressure: Hypotension is common, especially orthostatic hypotension. Encourage Potassium-Rich Foods: For potassium-depleting diuretics (e.g., furosemide). Educate About Timing: Administer in the morning to avoid nocturia. Name class of medication Examples

Answer 30

Diuretics (e.g., Furosemide, Hydrochlorothiazide)

Question 31

Diuretics (e.g., Furosemide, Hydrochlorothiazide) Nursing considerations (5)

Answer 31

Monitor Electrolytes: Check for hypokalemia (loop/thiazide diuretics) or hyperkalemia (potassium-sparing diuretics). Assess for Dehydration: Monitor for signs such as dry mouth, low urine output, and dizziness. Monitor Blood Pressure: Hypotension is common, especially orthostatic hypotension. Encourage Potassium-Rich Foods: For potassium-depleting diuretics (e.g., furosemide). Educate About Timing: Administer in the morning to avoid nocturia.

Question 32

Monitor for Bleeding: Check for signs of bruising, blood in stool/urine, or prolonged bleeding. Assess Lab Values: PT/INR for warfarin.0.8–1.2 Therapeutic range (for patients on warfarin): 2.0–3.0: For most indications, including atrial fibrillation, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), or pulmonary embolism (PE). aPTT for heparin. PTT (Partial Thromboplastin Time): Normal range (for individuals not on anticoagulants): 25–35 seconds Therapeutic range (for patients on heparin): 1.5–2.5 times the normal range (approximately 60–100 seconds) Educate About Diet: Warfarin patients should maintain consistent vitamin K intake. Avoid IM Injections: To reduce the risk of hematoma. Heparin Protocol: Double-check dosages; use infusion pumps for continuous IV heparin.

Answer 32

Anticoagulants (e.g., Warfarin, Heparin)

Question 33

Anticoagulants (Warfarin/ Heparin) Nursing considerations (5)

Answer 33

Monitor for Bleeding: Check for signs of bruising, blood in stool/urine, or prolonged bleeding. Assess Lab Values: PT/INR for warfarin.0.8–1.2 Therapeutic range (for patients on warfarin): 2.0–3.0: For most indications, including atrial fibrillation, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), or pulmonary embolism (PE). aPTT for heparin. PTT (Partial Thromboplastin Time): Normal range (for individuals not on anticoagulants): 25–35 seconds Therapeutic range (for patients on heparin): 1.5–2.5 times the normal range (approximately 60–100 seconds) Educate About Diet: Warfarin patients should maintain consistent vitamin K intake. Avoid IM Injections: To reduce the risk of hematoma. Heparin Protocol: Double-check dosages; use infusion pumps for continuous IV heparin.

Question 34

Monitor for Bleeding: Educate patients to report unusual bruising, nosebleeds, or black/tarry stools. Assess for GI Symptoms: May cause gastric irritation; take with food or a proton pump inhibitor if needed. Check Platelet Levels: Monitor CBC periodically. Educate About Dual Therapy: Often combined with anticoagulants; emphasize adherence to reduce clot risk. Classification of medication Examples

Answer 34

Antiplatelets (e.g., Aspirin, Clopidogrel)

Question 35

Antiplatelets (e.g., Aspirin, Clopidogrel) Nursing considerations (5)

Answer 35

Monitor for Bleeding: Educate patients to report unusual bruising, nosebleeds, or black/tarry stools. Assess for GI Symptoms: Aspirin may cause gastric irritation; take with food or a proton pump inhibitor if needed. Check Platelet Levels: Monitor CBC periodically. Educate About Dual Therapy: Often combined with anticoagulants; emphasize adherence to reduce clot risk.

Question 36

Monitor Liver Function: Check liver enzymes (AST/ALT) before starting and periodically during therapy. Assess for Myopathy: Educate patients to report muscle pain, weakness, or dark urine (signs of rhabdomyolysis). Administer in the Evening: Most cholesterol synthesis occurs at night. Avoid Grapefruit Juice: Increases risk of drug toxicity. Monitor Blood Glucose: Can slightly elevate glucose levels in diabetic patients. Class of medication Examples

Answer 36

Statins (e.g., Atorvastatin, Simvastatin)

Question 37

Statins (e.g., Atorvastatin, Simvastatin) Nursing considerations (5)

Answer 37

Monitor Liver Function: Check liver enzymes (AST/ALT) before starting and periodically during therapy. Assess for Myopathy: Educate patients to report muscle pain, weakness, or dark urine (signs of rhabdomyolysis). Administer in the Evening: Most cholesterol synthesis occurs at night. Avoid Grapefruit Juice: Increases risk of drug toxicity. Monitor Blood Glucose: Can slightly elevate glucose levels in diabetic patients.

Question 38

Monitor Blood Pressure: Watch for hypotension; avoid in patients with systolic BP < 90 mmHg. Educate About Headaches: Common side effect; treat with acetaminophen if needed. Avoid Concurrent Use with PDE5 Inhibitors: (e.g., sildenafil) due to severe hypotension risk. Provide Instructions for Sublingual Nitroglycerin: Take at first sign of angina, repeat every 5 minutes for up to 3 doses; seek help if no relief. Monitor for Reflex Tachycardia: May require beta-blocker co-administration. Name classification Examples

Answer 38

Nitrates (e.g., Nitroglycerin, Isosorbide Mononitrate)

Question 39

Nitrates (e.g., Nitroglycerin, Isosorbide Mononitrate) Nursing considerations (5)

Answer 39

Monitor Blood Pressure: Watch for hypotension; avoid in patients with systolic BP < 90 mmHg. Educate About Headaches: Common side effect; treat with acetaminophen if needed. Avoid Concurrent Use with PDE5 Inhibitors: (e.g., sildenafil) due to severe hypotension risk. Provide Instructions for Sublingual Nitroglycerin: Take at first sign of angina, repeat every 5 minutes for up to 3 doses; seek help if no relief. Monitor for Reflex Tachycardia: May require beta-blocker co-administration.

Question 40

Monitor lung function for pulmonary toxicity. Check thyroid function (T3, T4, TSH). Watch for photosensitivity; educate about sun protection. Class of meds Examples

Answer 40

Antiarrhythmics (e.g., Amiodarone, Digoxin) Amiodarone

Question 41

Digoxin: Monitor levels to prevent toxicity (therapeutic range: 0.5–2.0 ng/mL). Assess for signs of toxicity (nausea, visual changes, bradycardia). Check apical pulse for 1 full minute before administration; hold if HR < 60 bpm.

Answer 41

Antiarrhythmics Digoxin

Question 42

Monitor Blood Pressure: Watch for hypotension or reflex tachycardia. Assess for Fluid Retention: May require diuretics to counteract. Watch for Lupus-Like Syndrome: Educate patients about symptoms like joint pain or rash. Administer with Food: Reduces risk of GI upset. Classification of medication Examples

Answer 42

Vasodilators (e.g., Hydralazine)

Question 43

Vasodilators (e.g., Hydralazine)

Answer 43

Monitor Blood Pressure: Watch for hypotension or reflex tachycardia. Assess for Fluid Retention: May require diuretics to counteract. Watch for Lupus-Like Syndrome: Educate patients about symptoms like joint pain or rash. Administer with Food: Reduces risk of GI upset.

Question 44

Assessing a patient taking Metoprolol for sgins of hypoglycemia. Which manifestación will you see Difficult thinking Tachycardia Weakness Tremors Restlessness

Answer 44

Difficult thinking Tachycardia Weakness Tremors

Question 45

Patient taking valsartan for HTN. Which is most important teaching before taking first dose. Instruct patient to ask for help when getting out of bed Give medication with milk to prevent GI upset Save all urine for measurement Monitor cardiac rhythm disturbances

Answer 45

Instruct patient to ask for help when getting out of bed Valsartan is an ARB - which lower BP Orthostatic hypotension may occur

Question 46

Which of the following are SE of Lisinopril Hypokalemia Hypernatremia Cough Dizzy Bradyca

Answer 46

Cough Dizzy

Question 47

Which medication class do you avoid with Grapefruit

Answer 47

CCB & Statins

Question 48

Pulse pressure = Systolic- Diastolic Reflects the filling pressure of...

Answer 48

Coronary Arteries

Question 49

Period of cardiac muscle relaxation (Diastolic) followed by muscle contraction (Systolic) in the heart...

Answer 49

Cardiac cycle

Question 50

Ectopic focus...

Answer 50

Shift in pacemaker of the heart from SA node to other site

Question 51

Where do the impulses for the heart to contract come from.

Answer 51

The Heart itself. Not the brain

Question 52

Where are baroreceptors located... Function...

Answer 52

Arch of aorta & Carotid Artery Senses changes in blood pressure & sends signals to NS to change BP according

Question 53

Mean Arterial Pressure MAP (Average pressure in the arteries during Ventriclar Contractions & Relaxation.) 3 Elements Formula Normal MAP: What low & High values indicate...

Answer 53

HR SV PVR Peripheral vascular resistance. CO × PVR 70–100 mmHg Key Points: MAP below 60 mmHg: Indicates inadequate perfusion to vital organs, which can lead to organ dysfunction. MAP above 100 mmHg: Can indicate increased cardiovascular strain, often associated with hypertension or other conditions.

Question 54

Low BP detected by baroreceptors will increase sympathetic NS to constrict blood vessels and (Decrease / Increase) Peripheral vascular resistance.

Answer 54

Increase. This is according to the book

Question 55

What specific action activities the RAAS...

Answer 55

Lack of blood flow to the kidney

Question 56

HTN can lead to... Hypo.....

Answer 56

HTN: Blood vessel damage Atherosclerosis MI Stroke Kidney issues Hypo: Poor perfusion to organs

Question 57

Take ACE on a full stomahx to avoid GI upset

Answer 57

False Take on empty to absorb better

Question 58

Contractions to CCB

Answer 58

Heart block Sick sinus syndrome HF MI W/ Pulmonary edema Renal / Hepatix dysfunction

Question 59

This medication can mask Hypoglycemia This medication can give hyperglycemia

Answer 59

BB Can mask hypoglycemia Statins can give hyperglycemia

Question 60

Treatment of Low BP Sympathetic Drugs Othrostatic drug... Neurogenix...

Answer 60

Midodrine ortho Droxidopa neurogenix

Question 61

Drugs to treat shock. Low BP

Answer 61

Dobutamine Dopamine Ephedrine Epinephrine

Question 62

Cause of essential HTN..

Answer 62

Unknown.

Question 63

Type of problems Digoxin is used for.. Not first line treatment Describe basically what Cardiac Glycoside Digoxin does Digoxin helps the heart by (decreasing / increasing) its pumping strength (positive inotropy) and (slowing / speeding up) the heart rate (negative chronotropy), improving efficiency and control in conditions like heart failure and atrial fibrillation.

Answer 63

HF, A fib / Flutter Only Digoxin helps the heart by increasing its pumping strength (positive inotropy) and slowing the heart rate (negative chronotropy), improving efficiency and control in conditions like heart failure and atrial fibrillation.

Question 64

Digoxin antidote..

Answer 64

Digoxin immune fab

Question 65

How do Cardiac Glycoside (Digoxin) work... Simply put

Answer 65

Increase movement of calcium into heart and Increase Force Contraction , Increase blood flow to Kidney (Diuretic effect), Slow AV node conduction