Week 1- How Psychology Became A Science Flashcards

1
Q

Empiricism

A

philosophical belief that knowledge comes through experience

-Knowledge is based on careful observation

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2
Q

Determinism

A

belief that all events are caused by cause/ effect relationship
-Determinism vs. free will debate

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3
Q

Materialism

A

belief that human beings and other living beings are composed of physical matter (no self conscious)

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4
Q

Dualism

A

belief that there are properties of humans that are not material (mind, soul)

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5
Q

Cognitive Neuroscience

A

identified neural areas involved with memory, emotions, decision making

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6
Q

Social-cognitive neuroscience

A

used cognitive neuroscience to examine issues with social behaviour

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7
Q

Social Psychology

A

study of influence of others on behaviour

-i.e. cyclists ride faster when people are around

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8
Q

Personality Psychology

A

how different personality characteristics influence behaviour

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9
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

focus on processes like memory, thinking, language

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10
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

field of psychology that concentrates on diagnosis/treatment of psychological disorders

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11
Q

Structuralism

A

analyzes conscious experience by breaking it down into basic elements and understanding how the elements work together (i.e. apple= red, stem, round)

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12
Q

Functionalism

A
  • study of purpose of behaviour/conscious experience

- behaviour has an evolutionary purpose

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13
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Developed by Freud

-attempts to explain how behaviour/personality are influenced by unconscious processes

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14
Q

Behaviouralism

A
  • focus on studying observable behaviour

- No free will

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15
Q

Behaviouralism: Watson

A

believed behaviour is a result of conditioning

-nuture side of nature vs. nurture debate

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16
Q

Behaviourism: Skinner

A

(+) or (-) reinforcement (reward or punishment learning)

17
Q

Humanistic Psychology

A

focuses on free will, rational thought, humans are different from animals

18
Q

Humanistic Psychology: Rogers/Maslow

A

humans strive to find a sense of self and are motivated to attain personal growth/ fulfill their potential

19
Q

Egypt and Psychology

A

doctors noticed damage to different parts of brain led to different impairments

20
Q

Hippocrates and Psychology

A

developed the first personality scheme -4 humours result in different moods/ behaviours

21
Q

Galen and Psychology

A

refined Hippocrates personality scheme so the 4 humours result in different temperaments (personality characteristics that remain stable throughout the lifetime)

22
Q

4 humours

A
  • Sanguine (blood)
  • Chloric (yellow bile)
  • Melancholic (black bile)
  • Phlegmatic (phlegm)
23
Q

Zeitgeist

A

set of beliefs of a culture at a specific time

      - “sprit of the times”
      - People were not ready to accept science that can be applied to human 		        thought/behaviour- didn’t wan tot believe that human behaviour is a result of 	        predictable physical laws
24
Q

Psychophysics

A
  • exploration of how physics/mental worlds interact
    i. e. Heavy weight in one hand, lighter weight in the other. Adding a small weight to each hand (same weight). The hand with the lighter weight feels as if the small weight is heavier than the other small in the other hand
25
Natural Selection
Certain behaviours allowed for survival/ reproduction | i.e. Some aggression-> Can hunt/ defend self. Too much aggression-> killed in unnecessary fight
26
Brain Localization
idea that certain parts of brain controls specific mental abilities/ personality characteristics
27
Phrenology
idea that brain consist of 27 “organs” with corresponding mental traits (different part of brain= different trait) - Pronounced trait= bigger section of brain - i..e Always angry= large “anger” part of brain - Large brain areas cause bumps on head- can identify traits by feeling head
28
Psychosomatic Medicine
belief in treatment -Magnets thought to be able to cure insanity/disease by redirecting flow of metallic fluids. Not true, but patients were “cured” after being lulled into a trance