Encoding and Retrieving

Question 1

Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 1

prolonging exposure to information by repeating it

Question 2

Elaborative Rehearsal

Answer 2

prolonging exposure to information by thinking about its meaning
-more effective than maintenance rehearsal

Question 3

Shallow Processing

Answer 3

Sound or spelling of words

Question 4

Deep processing

Answer 4

-Meaning or function of item
-Associated with better retention and retrieval
Self-Reference Effect- think about info in terms of how it relates to you or how it is useful
Survival Processing- items related to survival more likely to be remembered

Question 5

Recognition

Answer 5

identifying stimulus or information when presented

i.e. MC questions, seeing someone you know on a bus

Question 6

Recall

Answer 6

retrieving info when asked, without information being present
i.e. describing someone’s appearance, short answer questions

Question 7

Encoding Specificity Principle

Answer 7

retrieval most effective when it occurs in the same context as coding

Question 8

Context Dependent Forgetting

Answer 8

change in environment influences forgetting

i.e. walking into room and forgetting what you need

Question 9

Context Reinstatement Effect

Answer 9

memory returns after returning to original location

i.e. remembering what you need after you leave the room

Question 10

State Dependent Memory

Answer 10

retrieval more effective when internal state matches state you were in during encoding
i.e. being helps retrieval if you were drunk during encoding

Question 11

Mood Dependent Learning

Answer 11

• retrieval more effective if mood during encoding is same as mood during retrieval
  
  • very small effect on recognition, larger effect on recall

Question 12

Flashbulb Memory

Answer 12

vivid memory about event and conditions surrounding encoding

Question 13

Mnemonics: Method of Loci

Answer 13

• assign things to be remembered to landmarks along a path

i. e. noodles-stop sign, milk- trees, soap- school

Question 14

First Letter technique

Answer 14

• Uses first letters of set of items to form a sentence

i. e. Every Good Boy Deserves Fudge

Question 15

Dual Coding

Answer 15

info stored in more than one form

i. e. verbal description and visual image
- produces stronger memories than use of only one form
- receives deep processing (twice as much info stored)

Question 16

Testing Effect

Answer 16

taking practice tests improves exam performance, even without further studying

Question 17

Desirable Difficulties

Answer 17

techniques that make studying slower and more effortful, but result in better performance
i.e. spacing out studying instead of cramming