Memory Systems Flashcards
Atikinson-Shiffrin Model
Stimulus-> Sensory Organs-> Sensory Memory-> Short Term Memory-> Long Term Memory
Stores
Retains info in memory without using if for specific purpose
sensory. STM, LTM
Control Processes
Shifts info from one memory store to another
Attention
Selects which info passed to STM
Encoding
storing info in LTM
Retrieval
brings info from LTM back to STM
Sensory Memory
Perceptual info for a brief period of time
Iconic- visual form (about half a second)
Echoic- auditory form (about 5 seconds)
Short Term Memory
limited capacity and duration (less than a minute)
Phonological Loop
-storage component of working emory that relies on rehearsal and store information as sounds
Can store as many syllables as can be rehearsed in 2 seconds (retained for 15 seconds)
Visual spatial Sketchpad
- Stores visual images
- Stores info based on shapes, colours, textures
-Visualspatial sketchpad can retain about 4 feature bound objects
Feature Binding
form of chunking that combines visual images into a single unit (i.e. red, shiny, smooth car)
Episodic Buffer
- Combines images and sounds from other 2 components into story-like episodes
i. e. sentences rather than individual words - Holds 7-10 pieces of information
Central Executive
- Coordinates attention and exchange of information among 3 storage components
- Examines relevant info and focuses attention on component that will be most useful
i. e. Use of visual spatial sketchpad to remember characters in Korean because you don’t know what they sound like
Types of Memories in LTM
Declarative
Non declarative
Declarative Memories
- Memories that we are consciously aware of
i. e.personal experiences, facts - 2 Types: Episodic and Semantic
Episodic memories
- personal experiences that are organized around “episodes” and recalled form first person perspective
i. e. first day of school - Usually declines faster than semantic memories with age
Semantic Memories
- Facts about the world
i. e. Halifax is the capital of Nova Scotia, bananas are yellow
Non declarative/Implicit Memories
- Actions and behaviours remembered and performed without awareness
i. e. making dresses but not remembering learning how to
Procedural Memories
pattern of muscle movements (motor memory)
i.e. walking, playing piano, classical conditioning
Priming
method of testing nondeclarative memory
-idea that previous exposure to a stimulus all affect an individual’s later response to that stimulus or a similar one
Long Term Potentiation (LTP)
increase in connectivity and transmission of neural signals between nerve cells that fire together (cells that fire together, wire together- neurons generate stronger and longer signals)
Consolidation
- Process of converting short term memories into long term memories in the brain
- Neurons fire together a number of times, synapse undergoes physical change so that presynaptic cell more likely to stimulate a specific postsynaptic cell
- Without this changes to synapse fades away, along with the memory (use it or lose it)
Cross Cortical Storage
long term declarative memories distributed throughout cortex of brain
Amnesia
Loss of at least one form of memory
Anterograde Amnesia
inability to form new memories after a brain injury
Retrograde Amnesia
memory for events preceding trauma or injury is lost