Classical and Operant Conditioning

Question 1

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 1

response that originally occurs to a specific stimulus also occurs to different, though similar, stimuli

Question 2

One Trial Learning

Answer 2

use of intense unconditioned stimulus to increase likelihood of learning
i.e. feeding dog a steak while playing tone

Question 3

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 3

subject learns to respond only to original stimulus, not similar stimuli

Question 4

Preparedness

Answer 4

biological tendency to rapidly learn a response to a particular class of stimuli

i.e. flower paired with shock created less fear than snakes paired with electric shock

Question 5

Latent Inhibition

Answer 5

frequent experience with a stimulus before it was paired with an uncontrolled stimulus makes it less likely that conditioning will occur after a single paring with the uncontrolled stimulus
i.e. eating a ham and swiss sandwich everyday and getting sick once. likelihood of disliking ham and swiss sandwich is not very high

Question 6

Conditioned Drug Tolerance

Answer 6

over time, body begins to metabolize drug when the drug is presented, or is presented in the same location as before, rather than consumed. Therefore more of the drug is needed to achieve the same affect

Question 7

Avoidance Learning

Answer 7

Type of negative reinforcement that removes possibility that a stimulus will occur

i.e. taking detour to avoid traffic

Question 8

Escape Learning

Answer 8

occurs if a response removes a stimulus that is already present i.e. covering ears so that you can’t hear noise

Question 9

Primary Reinforcer

Answer 9

stimuli that satisfy basic motivational (survival) needs i.e. food

Question 10

Secondary Reinforcer

Answer 10

stimuli effects only after we learn they have value i.e. money, praise

Question 11

Discriminative Stimulus

Answer 11

cue or event that indicates that a response will be reinforced i.e behaviour only reinforced when light is on

Question 12

Reward Devaluation

Answer 12

Behaviour change when reinforcer (reward) loses its appeal

i.e. less likely to walk across campus to get pizza if you already ate pizza today

Question 13

Shaping

Answer 13

specific operant response is created by reinforcing successive approximation of that response (reinforcing behaviour that is close to desired behaviour).
i.e. reinforcing behaviour similar to pressing a lever (standing up, facing lever, standing while facing lever, placing paws on lever, pressing downward)

Question 14

Chaining

Answer 14

linking two or more shaped behaviours into a more complex action

Question 15

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 15

every response made results in reinforcement

Question 16

Partial (Intermittent) Reinforcement

Answer 16

only a certain a number of responses are rewarded, or a certain amount of time must pass before reinforcement is available

Question 17

Ratio Schedule

Answer 17

Based on amount of responding

Question 18

Interval Schedule

Answer 18

Based on amount of time between reinforcements

Question 19

Variable Schedule

Answer 19

schedule of reinforcement is linked to an average, but varies from reinforcement to reinforcement

Question 20

Fixed Ratio Schedule

Answer 20

reinforcement delivered after specific number of responses i.e. lever pressed 10 times to receive food

Question 21

Variable Ratio Schedule

Answer 21

number of responses required to receive reinforcement varies according to an average
i.e. sometimes lever is pressed 5 times, 3 times, 7 times…etc, average is 5

Question 22

Fixed Interval Schedule

Answer 22

reinforces first response occurring after set amount of time

Question 23

Variable Interval Schedule

Answer 23

first response is reinforced following a variable amount of time
i.e. See a meteor once in 5 minutes, 8 minutes…etc

Question 24

Partial Reinforcement Effect

Answer 24

partially reinforced organisms resist extinction longer than those conditioned under continuous reinforcement