Week 1 Flashcards
what is physiology
examines functional dynamics in living things
what are some levels of organization in biology
biochemical, cellular, organ, systemic, organismal
what of physiology did aristotle study
dynamics happening inside the bodies of animals
what did Galen speculate
postulated the flow of blood dynamics in the human body
what did William Harvey speculate
cardiovascular studies and proved Galen was wrong in his theory of blood flow dynamics
what are some factors that can affect biological processes
temperature, ph, ion levels
how are biological processes impacted by factors such as temp, ph
protein and membrane structure, and reaction dynamics since theres changes in kinetic energy
why do physiological processes stabilize the internal environment
to maintain constant internal conditions (homeostasis)
what was C. Bernards work focused on
renal and cardiovascular systems in relation to internal environment in animals
what are two sources comprising body parameters
external environment and internally generated changes
what are some internally generated changes in body parameters
rest vs exercise, eating vs fasting
what is the clash effect
should i conform or should i regulate
what does the graph of temperature conformity look like
as external temp increases, internal temp increases
what is temperature regulation
as external temperature increases the internal temperature stays the same
give an example of conformity and regulation in a single species
temperature conformity in fish while chloride regulation in the same fish
whats an example of a standard morphological variation
eye colour differences in humans
whats an example of physiological variation within a population
some individuals of same species and same population can show differences in things like oxygen consumption
whats an example of genetic diversity of a species
a species can have different traits based on external factors. ex field mice size in canada versus mexico
what did W. Cannon study
cybernetics (negative feedback systems)
what is cybernetics
studies regulatory system operations. constant monitoring of a controlled parameter
what is a negative feedback system
positive sensor, control center, negative effector
OR
negative sensor, control sensor positive effector
is positive or negative feedback subject to rapid termination
positive is more subject to rapid termination
what is a positive feedback system
positive sensor, control center, positive effector
OR
negative sensor, control center, negative effector
what is a servomechanism
error sensing device that uses negative feedback to correct performance of an organism (rapid)
what is an example of a servomechanism
muscle length, strength output, joint position
what is calorimetry used for
measuring heat production
what is manometry used for
indirectly measuring O2 consumption
what are ways to measure whole animal metabolism
heat production, O2 consumption, CO2 production, Respiratory quotient
what is a respiratory quotient
CO2 produced/O2 used
how do you measure a respiratory quotient
its measured in relation to food source intake. (carbs, AA, fatty acids)
what is the best fuel source in respect to RQ
carbohydrates (RQ=1)
what meatbolite (fuel source) has the highest RQ
IN SOME malic acid is above 1
why does it matter to measure the RQ of an organism
gives insight on what their diet and nutrition is like. (if its 0.9 or 0.8 refers to that specific metabolite)
describe a basic calorimeter
animal in shell, shell surrounded by ice, animals body melts ice and basin below shells collects water for measurement of melt per minute
how do endotherms regulate body temperature
use elevated level of metabolism to produce most of body heat needed
name some endotherms
mammals, birds, some insects and fish
why is endothermy not preferred
high activity needs high food intake (very fuel expensive)
what are some physical features endotherms possess
more body mass made of endothermic tissues (liver, muscle, heart)
what are some cellular differences in endotherms versus ectotherms
endotherms have more mitochondria due to higher need to generate ATP
what is the ATP generation difference in endo versus ectotherms
endotherms and endotherms produce the same number of ATP (same number in bodies at all time) but endotherms go through it faster so the turnover rate much higher
what is EPOC
excess postexercise oxygen consumption (oxygen debt repayment)
when does an organism go into anaerobic
in intense exercise all of O2 used before it can be replaces so anaerobic begins to be used
what is the max O2 consumption for an organism
about 10 fold more than the organisms resting rate
what are the types of exercise
light submaximal (below max O2), heavy submaximal (at max O2), supramaximal (above max O2)
what is energy metabolism
sustainable production of ATP to maintain activity
what are some flaws of glycolysis
glucose is the only fuel, lactic acid formation, pivitol early but quickly wanes
why are there fatigue issues associated with glycolysis
low efficiency system produces inorganic phosphate that causes fatigue
why is aerobic metabolism preferred over glycolysis in exercise
can sustain prolonged exercise since its supported more by fatty acids
what metabolite supports the body after many hours of vigorous exercise
fatty acids mostly and glucose in muscles
is endo or ectotherm verts better at aerobic processes
endotherms are more efficient due to better gas exchange
why do insects DOMINATE at activity over time
can have an aerobic scope 50-200x its resting O2
what are some other smaller enzyme pathways for reactions
energy of activation, substrate to product, induced fit (pyruvic acid to lactic acid)
what does maude menten graph show
reaction velocity over substrate concentration
describe maude menten graph
exponental
what is Vmax (maude menten)
maximum rate of catalysis (saturation)
what is Km (maude menten)
substrate cencentration needed to reach half vmax (half max rate catalysis)
Who is the father of physiology
C. Bernard
What is glycogenesis
Glucose from non-carbs
