Week 1

Question 1

what is physiology

Answer 1

examines functional dynamics in living things

Question 2

what are some levels of organization in biology

Answer 2

biochemical, cellular, organ, systemic, organismal

Question 3

what of physiology did aristotle study

Answer 3

dynamics happening inside the bodies of animals

Question 4

what did Galen speculate

Answer 4

postulated the flow of blood dynamics in the human body

Question 5

what did William Harvey speculate

Answer 5

cardiovascular studies and proved Galen was wrong in his theory of blood flow dynamics

Question 6

what are some factors that can affect biological processes

Answer 6

temperature, ph, ion levels

Question 7

how are biological processes impacted by factors such as temp, ph

Answer 7

protein and membrane structure, and reaction dynamics since theres changes in kinetic energy

Question 8

why do physiological processes stabilize the internal environment

Answer 8

to maintain constant internal conditions (homeostasis)

Question 9

what was C. Bernards work focused on

Answer 9

renal and cardiovascular systems in relation to internal environment in animals

Question 10

what are two sources comprising body parameters

Answer 10

external environment and internally generated changes

Question 11

what are some internally generated changes in body parameters

Answer 11

rest vs exercise, eating vs fasting

Question 12

what is the clash effect

Answer 12

should i conform or should i regulate

Question 13

what does the graph of temperature conformity look like

Answer 13

as external temp increases, internal temp increases

Question 14

what is temperature regulation

Answer 14

as external temperature increases the internal temperature stays the same

Question 15

give an example of conformity and regulation in a single species

Answer 15

temperature conformity in fish while chloride regulation in the same fish

Question 16

whats an example of a standard morphological variation

Answer 16

eye colour differences in humans

Question 17

whats an example of physiological variation within a population

Answer 17

some individuals of same species and same population can show differences in things like oxygen consumption

Question 18

whats an example of genetic diversity of a species

Answer 18

a species can have different traits based on external factors. ex field mice size in canada versus mexico

Question 19

what did W. Cannon study

Answer 19

cybernetics (negative feedback systems)

Question 20

what is cybernetics

Answer 20

studies regulatory system operations. constant monitoring of a controlled parameter

Question 21

what is a negative feedback system

Answer 21

positive sensor, control center, negative effector
OR
negative sensor, control sensor positive effector

Question 22

is positive or negative feedback subject to rapid termination

Answer 22

positive is more subject to rapid termination

Question 23

what is a positive feedback system

Answer 23

positive sensor, control center, positive effector
OR
negative sensor, control center, negative effector

Question 24

what is a servomechanism

Answer 24

error sensing device that uses negative feedback to correct performance of an organism (rapid)

Question 25

what is an example of a servomechanism

Answer 25

muscle length, strength output, joint position

Question 26

what is calorimetry used for

Answer 26

measuring heat production

Question 27

what is manometry used for

Answer 27

indirectly measuring O2 consumption

Question 28

what are ways to measure whole animal metabolism

Answer 28

heat production, O2 consumption, CO2 production, Respiratory quotient

Question 29

what is a respiratory quotient

Answer 29

CO2 produced/O2 used

Question 30

how do you measure a respiratory quotient

Answer 30

its measured in relation to food source intake. (carbs, AA, fatty acids)

Question 31

what is the best fuel source in respect to RQ

Answer 31

carbohydrates (RQ=1)

Question 32

what meatbolite (fuel source) has the highest RQ

Answer 32

IN SOME malic acid is above 1

Question 33

why does it matter to measure the RQ of an organism

Answer 33

gives insight on what their diet and nutrition is like. (if its 0.9 or 0.8 refers to that specific metabolite)

Question 34

describe a basic calorimeter

Answer 34

animal in shell, shell surrounded by ice, animals body melts ice and basin below shells collects water for measurement of melt per minute

Question 35

how do endotherms regulate body temperature

Answer 35

use elevated level of metabolism to produce most of body heat needed

Question 36

name some endotherms

Answer 36

mammals, birds, some insects and fish

Question 37

why is endothermy not preferred

Answer 37

high activity needs high food intake (very fuel expensive)

Question 38

what are some physical features endotherms possess

Answer 38

more body mass made of endothermic tissues (liver, muscle, heart)

Question 39

what are some cellular differences in endotherms versus ectotherms

Answer 39

endotherms have more mitochondria due to higher need to generate ATP

Question 40

what is the ATP generation difference in endo versus ectotherms

Answer 40

endotherms and endotherms produce the same number of ATP (same number in bodies at all time) but endotherms go through it faster so the turnover rate much higher

Question 41

what is EPOC

Answer 41

excess postexercise oxygen consumption (oxygen debt repayment)

Question 42

when does an organism go into anaerobic

Answer 42

in intense exercise all of O2 used before it can be replaces so anaerobic begins to be used

Question 43

what is the max O2 consumption for an organism

Answer 43

about 10 fold more than the organisms resting rate

Question 44

what are the types of exercise

Answer 44

light submaximal (below max O2), heavy submaximal (at max O2), supramaximal (above max O2)

Question 45

what is energy metabolism

Answer 45

sustainable production of ATP to maintain activity

Question 46

what are some flaws of glycolysis

Answer 46

glucose is the only fuel, lactic acid formation, pivitol early but quickly wanes

Question 47

why are there fatigue issues associated with glycolysis

Answer 47

low efficiency system produces inorganic phosphate that causes fatigue

Question 48

why is aerobic metabolism preferred over glycolysis in exercise

Answer 48

can sustain prolonged exercise since its supported more by fatty acids

Question 49

what metabolite supports the body after many hours of vigorous exercise

Answer 49

fatty acids mostly and glucose in muscles

Question 50

is endo or ectotherm verts better at aerobic processes

Answer 50

endotherms are more efficient due to better gas exchange

Question 51

why do insects DOMINATE at activity over time

Answer 51

can have an aerobic scope 50-200x its resting O2

Question 52

what are some other smaller enzyme pathways for reactions

Answer 52

energy of activation, substrate to product, induced fit (pyruvic acid to lactic acid)

Question 53

what does maude menten graph show

Answer 53

reaction velocity over substrate concentration

Question 54

describe maude menten graph

Answer 54

exponental

Question 55

what is Vmax (maude menten)

Answer 55

maximum rate of catalysis (saturation)

Question 56

what is Km (maude menten)

Answer 56

substrate cencentration needed to reach half vmax (half max rate catalysis)

Question 57

Who is the father of physiology

Answer 57

C. Bernard

Question 58

What is glycogenesis

Answer 58

Glucose from non-carbs