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quiz 8 Flashcards

1
Q

how did we measure solute concentration

A

measured freezing point depression using an osmometer

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2
Q

the more solute the ___ freezign point depression

A

greater

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3
Q

what is the freezing point of salt water

A

-1.86

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4
Q

what is an osmole

A

1000mmoles/L

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5
Q

how does an osmometer measure freezing point depression

A

measured kinetic energy given off from supercooling of sample

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6
Q

invertebrate plasma is mostly what

A

water (not much formed elements)

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7
Q

what kind of invertebrates have a higher concentration of ions in their plasma

A

insects have higher ion concentrations

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8
Q

what are the elements besides formed elements in insect blood

A

inrganic ions, organic ions, proteins

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9
Q

what is an example of an ion invertebrates have a lot of

A

inverts have 10-15x more K than verts (40-50mM)

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10
Q

insects have more ______ ____ in relation to vertebrates

A

inorganic ions

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11
Q

herbivore insects have lower ____ ratios

A

Na/K

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12
Q

what are the most abundant organic ions in insects

A

treehalose and proline

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13
Q

what is trehalose

A

disaccharide of glucose (replaces glucose)

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14
Q

what is proline used for in insects

A

lepidopterans use proline for their metabolism

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15
Q

instead of antibodies in the blood, what do insects use

A

phagocytic cells

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16
Q

what blood component that isnt a formed element is most analogous to human blood

A

the proteins in the plasma

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17
Q

how much dissolved oxygen is in plasma

A

0.3mL/100mL

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18
Q

how much oxygen is in the Hb of blood

A

20mL/100mL

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19
Q

respiratory pigments are also called

A

respiratory proteins

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20
Q

pigments do

A

evoke a colour change

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21
Q

what kind of mer are respiratory pigments

A

oligomers

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22
Q

respiratory pigments are often conjugated with what

A

a metal ion

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23
Q

what are the 4 respiratory pigments

A

hemoglobin, hemocyanin, chlorocruorin, hemerythrin

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24
Q

what is the function of a respiratory pigment

A

reversible binding of oxygen and carbon dioxide

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25
why is it vital to have respiratory pigments
aid in bufferring the pH of blood
26
when does a change in respirator pigment colour happen
when oxygen is bound or not bound
27
what is the most abundant resp. pigment in inverts
hemocyanin
28
what phenomena are resp. pigments
enzyme substrate complex
29
what is the most widespread resp. pigment
hemoglobin
30
what is the only resp. pigment in verts
hemoglobin
31
what mer is hemoglobin
oligomer in most
32
when is hemoglobin not oligomer
agnathans have it as a monomer
33
how big is monomeric hb
18kD
34
how big is oligomeric hb
68kD
35
what mer is hemoglobin in verts
tetramer
36
what are the 4 components of vert hb
2 alpha chains, 2 beta chains
37
how many amino acids are there per hb chain
145 amino acids
38
what is the name for monomeric hemoglobin
myoglobin
39
where can myoglobin be found in humans
in muscle tissue of humans
40
what does iron do in the hb
holds on to o2 in high o2 conditions and releases o2 in low o2 conditions
41
what is the heme group on hb
porphyrin ring
42
what part of hb has the iron
heme has the ferrous iron
43
where is hb found
in rbc
44
what is the size of hb intracellular
20-30kD
45
what is the size of hb extracellular
2000-3000kD
46
where is extracellular hb
in plasma freely floating
47
what is the binding dynamic in hb
cooperativity
48
what colour is hemocyanin when bound with o2
blue
49
what is the difference between hb and hc
pretty much only difference is the conjugated metal
50
what metal does hc use
copper
51
what is the second most widespread resp. pigment
hemocyanin
52
what animals have hc
crustaceans and mollusks (cephalopods and gastropods)
53
what mer is hemocyanin
oligomer
54
how is copper bound in hc
direct binding of copper to histidine residues in subunit
55
is hc intra or extracellular
hc is always extracellular
56
what are histidine residues analogous to in hb
hc histidine residues = hb porphyrin ring
57
what are the two less common resp. pigments
hemerythrin and chlorocruorin
58
what animals have hemerythrin
brachiopods, priapulids, sipunculids, 1 polychaete
59
what size are hemerythrin
16-125kD trimer or octamer
60
where can hemerythrin be found in the blood
intra or extracellullarly
61
what are the metals in hemerythrin
2 ferric ions per subunit that is attached to histidine residues
62
what other resp. pigment is most like hemoglobin
chlorocruorin
63
what animals have chlorocruorin
polychaetes
64
where in blood can chlorocruorin be can
extracellular
65
what size is chlorocruorin
3000kD
66
how many subunits does chlorocruorin have
can have several dozen sub units
67
how is chlorocruorin like hb
uses ferric iron and porphyrin ring (its just too big to be hb)
68
what are the coined terms for hb reversible binding
oxyhemoglobin vs deoxyhemoglobin
69
what does reversible binding do in hb
changes levels of oxygen throughout the body
70
whats weird about the loading affinity for o2 in hb
loading first o2 is hard, then loading affinity increases so its easier to bind more o2
71
why is the o2 affinity in hb observed
due to subunit conformational changes
72
what kind of pattern does cooperativity follow
sigmoidal
73
what can modulate the binding dynamics in hb
ph, temp, organophosphates
74
how does ph change binding dynamics
h ion reduces affinity which favours unloading of o2 from hb
75
how can temp change binding dyanamics
high temp reduces affinity which favours unloading of o2 from hb
76
how do organophosphates change binding dynamics
elevated 2,3 DPG reduces affinity which favours unloading of o2 from hb
77
what is the saturation at alveolar gas exchange concentration
98%
78
what is the bohr effect
there is a right shift at lower pH in blood to allow for the unloading of o2 in blood (affinity of Hb for O2)
79
what is the point of being aerobic as long as possible
the longer youre aerobic, the less fatigue you will get in a time span
80
what organism has the root effect
fish with swim bladders
81
what are the two kind of gas bladders
physostomic and physoclistic
82
what is physostomic swim bladder
gulping
83
what is physoclistic swim bladder
dissolved gasses in blood go into gas vessel (Hb sensitive)
84
what are two allosteric modulators
ATP and GTP
85
what are three ways to transport carbon dioxide
respiratory pigments, dissolved in solution, bicarbonic-carbonic acid system
86
how much of total co2 in body is carried by hb
about 10%
87
how much total co2 is moved by dissolved in solution
5-7%
88
how much total co2 is moved by bicarbonic-carbonic system
85%
89
how do respiratory pigments remove co2
reversible binding to amino acid residues
90
how does dissolved in solution remove co2
dissolves into plasma and some into RBC cytoplasm by pressure
91
how does bicarbinc-carbinc acid system remove co2
with the use of carbonic anhydrase
92
where is carbonic anhydrase found
in RBC and apical surface of endothelium in plasma
93
describe the bicarbonic-carbonic acid system
co2 in RBC and carbonic anhydrase combine with water to make carbonic acid that is dissoiated into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions, hydrogen ions bind to proteins (like hb), then chloride exchange puts bicarbonate into plasma
94
what are the three types of blood ph regulation
immediate regulation, intermediate term, long term
95
how does immediate regulation of blood ph work
using blood buffers
96
what are examples of blood buffers
bicarbonate, albumin, hemoglobin
97
how do blood buffers work
reversible binding so ph can be stabilized at a set point
98
how does intermediate term blood ph regulation work
elimination of co2 via gas exchange systems
99
how does long term blood ph regulation work
excretory systems to remove hydrogen ions
100
what is the standing titer of co2
5mmHg

Animal Physiology (9 decks)

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