quiz 8 Flashcards
how did we measure solute concentration
measured freezing point depression using an osmometer
the more solute the ___ freezign point depression
greater
what is the freezing point of salt water
-1.86
what is an osmole
1000mmoles/L
how does an osmometer measure freezing point depression
measured kinetic energy given off from supercooling of sample
invertebrate plasma is mostly what
water (not much formed elements)
what kind of invertebrates have a higher concentration of ions in their plasma
insects have higher ion concentrations
what are the elements besides formed elements in insect blood
inrganic ions, organic ions, proteins
what is an example of an ion invertebrates have a lot of
inverts have 10-15x more K than verts (40-50mM)
insects have more ______ ____ in relation to vertebrates
inorganic ions
herbivore insects have lower ____ ratios
Na/K
what are the most abundant organic ions in insects
treehalose and proline
what is trehalose
disaccharide of glucose (replaces glucose)
what is proline used for in insects
lepidopterans use proline for their metabolism
instead of antibodies in the blood, what do insects use
phagocytic cells
what blood component that isnt a formed element is most analogous to human blood
the proteins in the plasma
how much dissolved oxygen is in plasma
0.3mL/100mL
how much oxygen is in the Hb of blood
20mL/100mL
respiratory pigments are also called
respiratory proteins
pigments do
evoke a colour change
what kind of mer are respiratory pigments
oligomers
respiratory pigments are often conjugated with what
a metal ion
what are the 4 respiratory pigments
hemoglobin, hemocyanin, chlorocruorin, hemerythrin
what is the function of a respiratory pigment
reversible binding of oxygen and carbon dioxide
why is it vital to have respiratory pigments
aid in bufferring the pH of blood
when does a change in respirator pigment colour happen
when oxygen is bound or not bound
what is the most abundant resp. pigment in inverts
hemocyanin
what phenomena are resp. pigments
enzyme substrate complex
what is the most widespread resp. pigment
hemoglobin
what is the only resp. pigment in verts
hemoglobin
what mer is hemoglobin
oligomer in most
when is hemoglobin not oligomer
agnathans have it as a monomer
how big is monomeric hb
18kD
how big is oligomeric hb
68kD
what mer is hemoglobin in verts
tetramer
what are the 4 components of vert hb
2 alpha chains, 2 beta chains
how many amino acids are there per hb chain
145 amino acids
what is the name for monomeric hemoglobin
myoglobin
where can myoglobin be found in humans
in muscle tissue of humans
what does iron do in the hb
holds on to o2 in high o2 conditions and releases o2 in low o2 conditions
what is the heme group on hb
porphyrin ring
what part of hb has the iron
heme has the ferrous iron
where is hb found
in rbc
what is the size of hb intracellular
20-30kD
what is the size of hb extracellular
2000-3000kD
where is extracellular hb
in plasma freely floating
what is the binding dynamic in hb
cooperativity
what colour is hemocyanin when bound with o2
blue
what is the difference between hb and hc
pretty much only difference is the conjugated metal
what metal does hc use
copper
what is the second most widespread resp. pigment
hemocyanin
what animals have hc
crustaceans and mollusks (cephalopods and gastropods)
what mer is hemocyanin
oligomer
how is copper bound in hc
direct binding of copper to histidine residues in subunit
is hc intra or extracellular
hc is always extracellular
what are histidine residues analogous to in hb
hc histidine residues = hb porphyrin ring
what are the two less common resp. pigments
hemerythrin and chlorocruorin
what animals have hemerythrin
brachiopods, priapulids, sipunculids, 1 polychaete
what size are hemerythrin
16-125kD trimer or octamer
where can hemerythrin be found in the blood
intra or extracellullarly
what are the metals in hemerythrin
2 ferric ions per subunit that is attached to histidine residues
what other resp. pigment is most like hemoglobin
chlorocruorin
what animals have chlorocruorin
polychaetes
where in blood can chlorocruorin be can
extracellular
what size is chlorocruorin
3000kD
how many subunits does chlorocruorin have
can have several dozen sub units
how is chlorocruorin like hb
uses ferric iron and porphyrin ring (its just too big to be hb)
what are the coined terms for hb reversible binding
oxyhemoglobin vs deoxyhemoglobin
what does reversible binding do in hb
changes levels of oxygen throughout the body
whats weird about the loading affinity for o2 in hb
loading first o2 is hard, then loading affinity increases so its easier to bind more o2
why is the o2 affinity in hb observed
due to subunit conformational changes
what kind of pattern does cooperativity follow
sigmoidal
what can modulate the binding dynamics in hb
ph, temp, organophosphates
how does ph change binding dynamics
h ion reduces affinity which favours unloading of o2 from hb
how can temp change binding dyanamics
high temp reduces affinity which favours unloading of o2 from hb
how do organophosphates change binding dynamics
elevated 2,3 DPG reduces affinity which favours unloading of o2 from hb
what is the saturation at alveolar gas exchange concentration
98%
what is the bohr effect
there is a right shift at lower pH in blood to allow for the unloading of o2 in blood (affinity of Hb for O2)
what is the point of being aerobic as long as possible
the longer youre aerobic, the less fatigue you will get in a time span
what organism has the root effect
fish with swim bladders
what are the two kind of gas bladders
physostomic and physoclistic
what is physostomic swim bladder
gulping
what is physoclistic swim bladder
dissolved gasses in blood go into gas vessel (Hb sensitive)
what are two allosteric modulators
ATP and GTP
what are three ways to transport carbon dioxide
respiratory pigments, dissolved in solution, bicarbonic-carbonic acid system
how much of total co2 in body is carried by hb
about 10%
how much total co2 is moved by dissolved in solution
5-7%
how much total co2 is moved by bicarbonic-carbonic system
85%
how do respiratory pigments remove co2
reversible binding to amino acid residues
how does dissolved in solution remove co2
dissolves into plasma and some into RBC cytoplasm by pressure
how does bicarbinc-carbinc acid system remove co2
with the use of carbonic anhydrase
where is carbonic anhydrase found
in RBC and apical surface of endothelium in plasma
describe the bicarbonic-carbonic acid system
co2 in RBC and carbonic anhydrase combine with water to make carbonic acid that is dissoiated into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions, hydrogen ions bind to proteins (like hb), then chloride exchange puts bicarbonate into plasma
what are the three types of blood ph regulation
immediate regulation, intermediate term, long term
how does immediate regulation of blood ph work
using blood buffers
what are examples of blood buffers
bicarbonate, albumin, hemoglobin
how do blood buffers work
reversible binding so ph can be stabilized at a set point
how does intermediate term blood ph regulation work
elimination of co2 via gas exchange systems
how does long term blood ph regulation work
excretory systems to remove hydrogen ions
what is the standing titer of co2
5mmHg
