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Animal Physiology > QUIZ 3 > Flashcards

QUIZ 3 Flashcards

1
Q

what are some physical features required for gas exchange in animals

A

large surface area, thin layer, well vascularized

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2
Q

what are the main types of gas exchange in animals

A

cutaneous, gills, lungs, tracheal system

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3
Q

what is a gill

A

evagination of body surface (can be external or internal)

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4
Q

whats the difference between external and internal gills

A

internal gills have a flap over them, external gills are exposed to the environment

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5
Q

what are lungs

A

sac-like invagination of body surface

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6
Q

what are tracheal systems

A

tubular invaginations from body surface

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7
Q

what is the advantage of respiratory systems

A

ready diffusion of O2 and CO2

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8
Q

whats a disadvantage of respiratory systems

A

rapid exchange with water/atmosphere can disturb body fluid composition

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9
Q

if body fluid composition is disturbed what can happen to an organism

A

can lead to edema

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10
Q

what is edema

A

fluid build up

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11
Q

how does O2 and CO2 move across a respiratory organ

A

diffusion or bulk flow

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12
Q

what is the difference between diffusion and bulk flow

A

diffusion is by concentration gradients, bulk flow is by a pressure gradient

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13
Q

what is key to ventilation of respiratory organs

A

bulk flow

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14
Q

why is it critical to move oxygen along a boundary layer

A

if you dont then a layer of hypoxia will occur and tissues can die. needs to be an exchange of o2 in and out of boundary layer

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15
Q

what kind of respiratory organs do most insects have

A

multiple tubular invaginations

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16
Q

what is a boundary layer

A

a layer of stagnant fluid (o2 and co2) along a gas exchange membrane (separates external and internal membranes)

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17
Q

what kinds of organisms use a tracheal system for respiration

A

insects and some arthropods

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18
Q

describe in short the anatomy of the tracheal system

A

tubular invaginations at body surface (spiracles) with diaphragms, with smaller tracheoles to deliver and remove gasses

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19
Q

how many spiracles are common on insects and arthropods

A

12

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20
Q

what is the diameter of tracheoles

A

0.5 micrometers

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21
Q

what is the function of a diaphragm with spiracles

A

diaphragm covers spiracle to control whats coming in and going out

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22
Q

what is the transport methods in a tracheal system

A

diffusion (works well for small organisms)

ventilation (works great for large organisms)

23
Q

where are spiracles found on the body of insects and arthropods

A

found on thorax and abdomen

24
Q

how does ventilation in large insects work

A

air sacs near spiracle, abdominal movements create pressure gradients and bulk flow (allow to draw air in and out at different rates)

25
Q

why is simple diffusion not good enough for larger insects

A

not enough o2 in air to support movement with simple diffusion, too large of a surface area

26
Q

how does a tracheal system work in water insects

A

many have a plastron

27
Q

how does a plastron work

A

it acts as a gill for the organism. o2 from water can go into the air bubble due to concentration gradient in water and bubble

28
Q

what organisms have a cutaneous gas exchange

A

amphibians, invertebrates (worms, cnidarians)

29
Q

what is required of an organism for cutaneous gas exchange

A

large, thin, well vascularized surface area (surface area is generally the epidermis)

30
Q

what are some major issues with cutaneous gas exchange

A

mechanical protection issues, can dry out, little control on exchange rate, boundary layer issues

31
Q

what is the epidermal thickness in cutaneous gas exchange

A

one cell thick or a few cells thick epidermis

32
Q

what gas exchange does a hellbender have

A

lungs and cutaneous gas exchange depending on what environment its in

33
Q

how can an organism increase surface area if it uses cutaneous gas exchange

A

it can make fleshy folds to increase surface area

34
Q

how does a hellbender remove a boundary layer thats been created from being in stagnent water

A

starts to rock itself to make a small current

35
Q

what is the gas exchange method of amphibians

A

most amphibians have multiple gas exchange method

36
Q

what is a bird respiratory system

A

numerous air sacs through body connected by passageways

37
Q

what are the primary sets of air sacs in avian respiration

A

cranial and caudal air sacs

38
Q

the lungs of a bird are honeycombed with what

A

tubules (parabronchi)

39
Q

what induces volume change of fluid in avian respiration

A

muscular movements of ribs and sternum

40
Q

what is the direction of airflow if avian reduces pressure

A

reduced pressure allows air inflow

41
Q

what is the direction of airflow if avian increased pressure

A

increased pressure moves air out

42
Q

how many cycles of air flow do avians have

A

two unidirectional air flow in parabronchi (2 volumes at once)

43
Q

why is it significant to have two cycles of air flow in avian

A

reduced dilution with old air, keeps air fresh in lungs and more oxygen rich

44
Q

why is it significant that avian bloodflow is crosscurrent with airflow

A

gives high level of oxygenation in low environmental oxygen

45
Q

what part of the avian respiratory system is vascularized

A

air sacs not really vascularized, vascularization happens in the parabronchi between the anterior and posterior air sacs

46
Q

why is it significant that avian capilaries are cross current

A

gives longer exposure to air so it gives a better gas exchange (vital when in low oxygen environment–like the sky)

47
Q

what is the bony structure in birds that creates vocalization

A

syrinx

48
Q

what is the syrinx synonemous with in humans

A

larynx

49
Q

the syrinx has membrane like vocal chords, how can these produce different pitch

A

they can extend or retract the length of the chord to produce different sound

50
Q

when one hears a bird song who are they typically hearing

A

typically small male birds trying to attract a mate

51
Q

where is the syrinx located

A

at the base of the trachea

52
Q

how can birds change the length of their “vocal chords”

A

head and neck movements

53
Q

why does the size of a beak matter in bird vocalization

A

beak size is correlated to speed of movement and song dynamic

54
Q

do small or large birds have more complex vocalizations

A

small birds have more complex

Animal Physiology (9 decks)

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