QUIZ 3 Flashcards
what are some physical features required for gas exchange in animals
large surface area, thin layer, well vascularized
what are the main types of gas exchange in animals
cutaneous, gills, lungs, tracheal system
what is a gill
evagination of body surface (can be external or internal)
whats the difference between external and internal gills
internal gills have a flap over them, external gills are exposed to the environment
what are lungs
sac-like invagination of body surface
what are tracheal systems
tubular invaginations from body surface
what is the advantage of respiratory systems
ready diffusion of O2 and CO2
whats a disadvantage of respiratory systems
rapid exchange with water/atmosphere can disturb body fluid composition
if body fluid composition is disturbed what can happen to an organism
can lead to edema
what is edema
fluid build up
how does O2 and CO2 move across a respiratory organ
diffusion or bulk flow
what is the difference between diffusion and bulk flow
diffusion is by concentration gradients, bulk flow is by a pressure gradient
what is key to ventilation of respiratory organs
bulk flow
why is it critical to move oxygen along a boundary layer
if you dont then a layer of hypoxia will occur and tissues can die. needs to be an exchange of o2 in and out of boundary layer
what kind of respiratory organs do most insects have
multiple tubular invaginations
what is a boundary layer
a layer of stagnant fluid (o2 and co2) along a gas exchange membrane (separates external and internal membranes)
what kinds of organisms use a tracheal system for respiration
insects and some arthropods
describe in short the anatomy of the tracheal system
tubular invaginations at body surface (spiracles) with diaphragms, with smaller tracheoles to deliver and remove gasses
how many spiracles are common on insects and arthropods
12
what is the diameter of tracheoles
0.5 micrometers
what is the function of a diaphragm with spiracles
diaphragm covers spiracle to control whats coming in and going out
what is the transport methods in a tracheal system
diffusion (works well for small organisms)
ventilation (works great for large organisms)
where are spiracles found on the body of insects and arthropods
found on thorax and abdomen
how does ventilation in large insects work
air sacs near spiracle, abdominal movements create pressure gradients and bulk flow (allow to draw air in and out at different rates)
why is simple diffusion not good enough for larger insects
not enough o2 in air to support movement with simple diffusion, too large of a surface area
how does a tracheal system work in water insects
many have a plastron
how does a plastron work
it acts as a gill for the organism. o2 from water can go into the air bubble due to concentration gradient in water and bubble
what organisms have a cutaneous gas exchange
amphibians, invertebrates (worms, cnidarians)
what is required of an organism for cutaneous gas exchange
large, thin, well vascularized surface area (surface area is generally the epidermis)
what are some major issues with cutaneous gas exchange
mechanical protection issues, can dry out, little control on exchange rate, boundary layer issues
what is the epidermal thickness in cutaneous gas exchange
one cell thick or a few cells thick epidermis
what gas exchange does a hellbender have
lungs and cutaneous gas exchange depending on what environment its in
how can an organism increase surface area if it uses cutaneous gas exchange
it can make fleshy folds to increase surface area
how does a hellbender remove a boundary layer thats been created from being in stagnent water
starts to rock itself to make a small current
what is the gas exchange method of amphibians
most amphibians have multiple gas exchange method
what is a bird respiratory system
numerous air sacs through body connected by passageways
what are the primary sets of air sacs in avian respiration
cranial and caudal air sacs
the lungs of a bird are honeycombed with what
tubules (parabronchi)
what induces volume change of fluid in avian respiration
muscular movements of ribs and sternum
what is the direction of airflow if avian reduces pressure
reduced pressure allows air inflow
what is the direction of airflow if avian increased pressure
increased pressure moves air out
how many cycles of air flow do avians have
two unidirectional air flow in parabronchi (2 volumes at once)
why is it significant to have two cycles of air flow in avian
reduced dilution with old air, keeps air fresh in lungs and more oxygen rich
why is it significant that avian bloodflow is crosscurrent with airflow
gives high level of oxygenation in low environmental oxygen
what part of the avian respiratory system is vascularized
air sacs not really vascularized, vascularization happens in the parabronchi between the anterior and posterior air sacs
why is it significant that avian capilaries are cross current
gives longer exposure to air so it gives a better gas exchange (vital when in low oxygen environment–like the sky)
what is the bony structure in birds that creates vocalization
syrinx
what is the syrinx synonemous with in humans
larynx
the syrinx has membrane like vocal chords, how can these produce different pitch
they can extend or retract the length of the chord to produce different sound
when one hears a bird song who are they typically hearing
typically small male birds trying to attract a mate
where is the syrinx located
at the base of the trachea
how can birds change the length of their “vocal chords”
head and neck movements
why does the size of a beak matter in bird vocalization
beak size is correlated to speed of movement and song dynamic
do small or large birds have more complex vocalizations
small birds have more complex
