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Animal Physiology > Quiz 5 > Flashcards

Quiz 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what are chemoreceptors

A

nerve endings involved in tissue chemistry

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2
Q

how do mammals regulate their breathing

A

through chemoreceptors

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3
Q

what is the driving dynamic in terrestrial animals

A

mostly CO2 and in turn pH

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4
Q

what is the driving dynamic in fish

A

o2

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5
Q

why does ph change as co2 changes in a driving dynamic of terrestrial animals

A

as hydrogen ions increases ph drops, in turn as co2 increases ph drops

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6
Q

what does driving dynamic affect? (the driving dynamic of)

A

blood and cerebral spinal fluid chemistry

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7
Q

what happens when not enough o2 coming into organism (too much co2 within)

A

hypoventilation

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8
Q

what happens when too much o2 comes in (not enough co2 within)

A

hyperventilation

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9
Q

what is the function of a stretch receptor

A

sets limit on inhalation

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10
Q

when can o2 be the driving dynamic in terrestrial animals

A

if o2 in body low enough it can become the driving dynamic

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11
Q

what conditions can cause o2 to be driving dynamic in terrestrial

A

emphazema, elevation (mountain sickness)

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12
Q

what is a secondary driving dynamic

A

driving dynamic that takes over when primary isnt most important anymore (ex. emphazema o2)

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13
Q

what does the pons in the brain affect

A

breathing rythem

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14
Q

why are higher brain centers like the pons required

A

needed for controlling rythm of breathing when swimming for exaplme

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15
Q

what is responsible for involuntary breathing

A

medulla

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16
Q

what are invertebrate gills common in

A

large bodied or more active aquatic invertebrates

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17
Q

what are some examples of invertebrates that have gills

A

crustaceans and polycheates

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18
Q

which invertebrates use gills on land

A

isopods

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19
Q

what are parapodia

A

fleshy extensions with large surface area used in locomotion and gas exchange (polycheates)

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20
Q

what are some examples of polycheates that use parapodia

A

sand worm and clam worm

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21
Q

what kind of gills do decapod crustaceans have

A

internal cavity

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22
Q

what are internal cavity gills

A

carapas covers the gills so its an evagination but its covered (similar to that of fish)

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23
Q

what kind of breathing do fish have

A

ram ventilation or buccal-opperculum pumping

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24
Q

what is ram ventilation

A

swim with the mouth open, water passes over the gills and goes out the gill slit

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25
Q

where are the fish gills

A

internalized in chamber adjoining the pharynx

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26
Q

what kind of fish have separate chambers for each gill

A

primitive fishes like hagfish and lampreys and condricthes

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27
Q

osteichthyes have a ____ to cover gills and make them more internalized

A

opperculum

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28
Q

what organ helps with osmoregulation and ion regulation in fishes

A

gills

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29
Q

what is buccal-operculum pumping

A

expand buccal-operculum cavity with operculum closed and mouth open (water flows in due to reduced pressure) then contract buccal operculum cavity with operculum valve open and mouth closed (forces water over gills and outside the body)

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30
Q

what kind of gas exchange dynamic do fish have

A

counter current dynamic

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31
Q

what is counter current exchange

A

water flows across gill epithelium from pharynx toward gill slit, blood flows through vessels in opposite direction

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32
Q

why is counter current gas exchnage good for fishes

A

blood hits increasing o2 levels keeping the blood very high in 02

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33
Q

what is internal transport in animals

A

cardiovascular systems of animals

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34
Q

why cant you call internal transport cardiovascular

A

because not all animals have blood vessels

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35
Q

what is the driving dynamic for internal transport

A

multicellularity, effecient transport, bulk flow dynamics

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36
Q

what are the components of internal transport system

A

hearts, vasculature, and blood

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37
Q

what is a heart

A

muscular pump generating pressure cycles with 2 major configurations

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38
Q

what are the two major configurations of a heart

A

chambered or tubular

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39
Q

what does it mean for a heart to be neurogenic

A

nerve cells trigger activation of the muscle

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40
Q

what heart type is usually associated with neurogenic

A

tubular heart

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41
Q

what is myogenic heart

A

special muscle tissue with pace maker function

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42
Q

what heart type is associated with myogenic

A

chambered hearts

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43
Q

what organisms usually have tubular hearts

A

arthropods

44
Q

which heart type is best for active lifestyle

A

chambered (except in insects)

45
Q

which heart type has a higher pressure and a higher flow rate

A

chambered hearts

46
Q

what organisms have chambered hearts

A

vertebrates and cephalopods

47
Q

what kind of contractions does a tubular heart have

A

peristaltic

48
Q

what does it mean for vasculature to be open

A

very few vessels (more so extensions of the heart instead of strict vessels)

49
Q

what does it mean for vasculature to be closed

A

can have some open cavities but have many blood vessels

50
Q

where can you find an open cavity in the vasculature of vertebrates (closed)

A

in sinus of liver

51
Q

what is the function of an artery

A

direct blood away from the heart

52
Q

what are capillaries

A

uncountable microscopic vessels

53
Q

how thick are capilaries

A

1 cell layer thickness

54
Q

what is the function of capillaries

A

gas exchange occurs here since walls are thin enough

55
Q

what is the function of veins

A

direct blood back to the heart

56
Q

what is blood

A

moving fluid of plasma and formed elements

57
Q

what is the historic name for blood

A

hemolymph

58
Q

how much of blood is usually plasma

A

usually around 90%

59
Q

what do atria recieve

A

they are recieving chambers for venous blood

60
Q

the blood flow through body is focused about what

A

focused about gas exchange to support the aerobic needs of the organism

61
Q

blood flows along ____

A

pressure gradient

62
Q

when blood pressure levels increase the organism is in___

A

systole

63
Q

when blood pressure levels decrease the organism is in ___

A

diastole

64
Q

why does circulation in mammals have two circuits

A

to optimize oxygen delivery/co2 removal

65
Q

what is the basic anatomy of the heart

A

RA LA RV LV

66
Q

where does the pulmonary circuit flow from

A

RV to LA

67
Q

where does the pulmonary trunk go to

A

pulmonary trunk to lungs to pulmonary veins

68
Q

where does the systemic circuit flow from

A

LV to RA

69
Q

what artery is associated with the systemic circuit

A

aorta

70
Q

where does the aorta flow to

A

aorta to body to vena cava

71
Q

which circuit (systemic or pulmonary) is stronger

A

systemic is 5x stronger than pulmonary (has to send blood further through body)

72
Q

what happens if theres too much pressure in pulmonary

A

edema

73
Q

what is edema

A

drowning in your own tissue fluids

74
Q

what are the main muscles in the heart

A

superficial sinospiral, deep sinospiral, superficial bulbospiral

75
Q

what do the muscles of the heart allow for

A

increased pressure

76
Q

what are the valves of the heart

A

atrioventricular (bicuspid(mitral) and tricuspid), senilunar

77
Q

what helps to stabilize valves when open and closing in heart

A

the chordae tensonae

78
Q

when heart is relaxed what state is it in

A

diastole

79
Q

when heart is contracting what state is it in

A

systole

80
Q

what is the basic 4 step heart cycle

A

atrial systole ventricular diastole
ventricular systole atrial diastole
atrial diastole ventricular diastole
repeat

81
Q

how does the heart cycle change when excercising

A

shorten the length of A and V diastole in step 3

82
Q

how many heart beats per minute is average for a mammal

A

70 beats per minute

83
Q

how long is atrial systole

A

0.1s

84
Q

how long is ventricular systole

A

0.2s

85
Q

how long is diastole

A

0.5 seconds

86
Q

how much thicker is the left ventricle from the right ventrical

A

left ventrical is 3x thicker than right

87
Q

what is the main function of a valve in a heart

A

to keep blood flowing in the correct direction

88
Q

what side is the tricuspid valve on

A

on the right

89
Q

what side is the mitral(bicuspid) valve on

A

on the left

90
Q

what happens when the heart gets too muscular

A

hypertrophy

91
Q

action potential in hearts has what two major phases

A

depolarization and repolarization

92
Q

what is depolarization

A

cells become less negatively changed

93
Q

what is repolarization

A

cells return to the RMP

94
Q

who realized electrical field disturbance of heart can be masured at skin surface

A

willem einthoven

95
Q

what is an EKG

A

electrocardiogram

96
Q

what are the 3 pirnciple waves of the ekg

A

p wave, qrs wave, t wave

97
Q

what is the p wave

A

depolarization of atria

98
Q

what is the qrs wave

A

depolarization of ventricles

99
Q

what is the t wave

A

repolarization of ventricles

100
Q

what is the pr interval

A

transit time for action potential to go from sa node and through av node

101
Q

what is pr segment

A

av delay

102
Q

what is qt inerval

A

complete timeline of ventricular action potential

103
Q

what is st segment

A

depolarization plateau

104
Q

what is the function of einthovens triangle

A

shows where net electrical axis is for the heart

105
Q

what is the electrical axis of the heart

A

mean direction of current flow

106
Q

how do you determine the electrical axis of the heart

A

by comparing signal properties from 3 limbs

Animal Physiology (9 decks)

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