Quiz 5 Flashcards
what are chemoreceptors
nerve endings involved in tissue chemistry
how do mammals regulate their breathing
through chemoreceptors
what is the driving dynamic in terrestrial animals
mostly CO2 and in turn pH
what is the driving dynamic in fish
o2
why does ph change as co2 changes in a driving dynamic of terrestrial animals
as hydrogen ions increases ph drops, in turn as co2 increases ph drops
what does driving dynamic affect? (the driving dynamic of)
blood and cerebral spinal fluid chemistry
what happens when not enough o2 coming into organism (too much co2 within)
hypoventilation
what happens when too much o2 comes in (not enough co2 within)
hyperventilation
what is the function of a stretch receptor
sets limit on inhalation
when can o2 be the driving dynamic in terrestrial animals
if o2 in body low enough it can become the driving dynamic
what conditions can cause o2 to be driving dynamic in terrestrial
emphazema, elevation (mountain sickness)
what is a secondary driving dynamic
driving dynamic that takes over when primary isnt most important anymore (ex. emphazema o2)
what does the pons in the brain affect
breathing rythem
why are higher brain centers like the pons required
needed for controlling rythm of breathing when swimming for exaplme
what is responsible for involuntary breathing
medulla
what are invertebrate gills common in
large bodied or more active aquatic invertebrates
what are some examples of invertebrates that have gills
crustaceans and polycheates
which invertebrates use gills on land
isopods
what are parapodia
fleshy extensions with large surface area used in locomotion and gas exchange (polycheates)
what are some examples of polycheates that use parapodia
sand worm and clam worm
what kind of gills do decapod crustaceans have
internal cavity
what are internal cavity gills
carapas covers the gills so its an evagination but its covered (similar to that of fish)
what kind of breathing do fish have
ram ventilation or buccal-opperculum pumping
what is ram ventilation
swim with the mouth open, water passes over the gills and goes out the gill slit
where are the fish gills
internalized in chamber adjoining the pharynx
what kind of fish have separate chambers for each gill
primitive fishes like hagfish and lampreys and condricthes
osteichthyes have a ____ to cover gills and make them more internalized
opperculum
what organ helps with osmoregulation and ion regulation in fishes
gills
what is buccal-operculum pumping
expand buccal-operculum cavity with operculum closed and mouth open (water flows in due to reduced pressure) then contract buccal operculum cavity with operculum valve open and mouth closed (forces water over gills and outside the body)
what kind of gas exchange dynamic do fish have
counter current dynamic
what is counter current exchange
water flows across gill epithelium from pharynx toward gill slit, blood flows through vessels in opposite direction
why is counter current gas exchnage good for fishes
blood hits increasing o2 levels keeping the blood very high in 02
what is internal transport in animals
cardiovascular systems of animals
why cant you call internal transport cardiovascular
because not all animals have blood vessels
what is the driving dynamic for internal transport
multicellularity, effecient transport, bulk flow dynamics
what are the components of internal transport system
hearts, vasculature, and blood
what is a heart
muscular pump generating pressure cycles with 2 major configurations
what are the two major configurations of a heart
chambered or tubular
what does it mean for a heart to be neurogenic
nerve cells trigger activation of the muscle
what heart type is usually associated with neurogenic
tubular heart
what is myogenic heart
special muscle tissue with pace maker function
what heart type is associated with myogenic
chambered hearts
what organisms usually have tubular hearts
arthropods
which heart type is best for active lifestyle
chambered (except in insects)
which heart type has a higher pressure and a higher flow rate
chambered hearts
what organisms have chambered hearts
vertebrates and cephalopods
what kind of contractions does a tubular heart have
peristaltic
what does it mean for vasculature to be open
very few vessels (more so extensions of the heart instead of strict vessels)
what does it mean for vasculature to be closed
can have some open cavities but have many blood vessels
where can you find an open cavity in the vasculature of vertebrates (closed)
in sinus of liver
what is the function of an artery
direct blood away from the heart
what are capillaries
uncountable microscopic vessels
how thick are capilaries
1 cell layer thickness
what is the function of capillaries
gas exchange occurs here since walls are thin enough
what is the function of veins
direct blood back to the heart
what is blood
moving fluid of plasma and formed elements
what is the historic name for blood
hemolymph
how much of blood is usually plasma
usually around 90%
what do atria recieve
they are recieving chambers for venous blood
the blood flow through body is focused about what
focused about gas exchange to support the aerobic needs of the organism
blood flows along ____
pressure gradient
when blood pressure levels increase the organism is in___
systole
when blood pressure levels decrease the organism is in ___
diastole
why does circulation in mammals have two circuits
to optimize oxygen delivery/co2 removal
what is the basic anatomy of the heart
RA LA RV LV
where does the pulmonary circuit flow from
RV to LA
where does the pulmonary trunk go to
pulmonary trunk to lungs to pulmonary veins
where does the systemic circuit flow from
LV to RA
what artery is associated with the systemic circuit
aorta
where does the aorta flow to
aorta to body to vena cava
which circuit (systemic or pulmonary) is stronger
systemic is 5x stronger than pulmonary (has to send blood further through body)
what happens if theres too much pressure in pulmonary
edema
what is edema
drowning in your own tissue fluids
what are the main muscles in the heart
superficial sinospiral, deep sinospiral, superficial bulbospiral
what do the muscles of the heart allow for
increased pressure
what are the valves of the heart
atrioventricular (bicuspid(mitral) and tricuspid), senilunar
what helps to stabilize valves when open and closing in heart
the chordae tensonae
when heart is relaxed what state is it in
diastole
when heart is contracting what state is it in
systole
what is the basic 4 step heart cycle
atrial systole ventricular diastole
ventricular systole atrial diastole
atrial diastole ventricular diastole
repeat
how does the heart cycle change when excercising
shorten the length of A and V diastole in step 3
how many heart beats per minute is average for a mammal
70 beats per minute
how long is atrial systole
0.1s
how long is ventricular systole
0.2s
how long is diastole
0.5 seconds
how much thicker is the left ventricle from the right ventrical
left ventrical is 3x thicker than right
what is the main function of a valve in a heart
to keep blood flowing in the correct direction
what side is the tricuspid valve on
on the right
what side is the mitral(bicuspid) valve on
on the left
what happens when the heart gets too muscular
hypertrophy
action potential in hearts has what two major phases
depolarization and repolarization
what is depolarization
cells become less negatively changed
what is repolarization
cells return to the RMP
who realized electrical field disturbance of heart can be masured at skin surface
willem einthoven
what is an EKG
electrocardiogram
what are the 3 pirnciple waves of the ekg
p wave, qrs wave, t wave
what is the p wave
depolarization of atria
what is the qrs wave
depolarization of ventricles
what is the t wave
repolarization of ventricles
what is the pr interval
transit time for action potential to go from sa node and through av node
what is pr segment
av delay
what is qt inerval
complete timeline of ventricular action potential
what is st segment
depolarization plateau
what is the function of einthovens triangle
shows where net electrical axis is for the heart
what is the electrical axis of the heart
mean direction of current flow
how do you determine the electrical axis of the heart
by comparing signal properties from 3 limbs
