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Animal Physiology > Quiz 6 > Flashcards

Quiz 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the first heart sound

A

closing of the atrial ventricular valve

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2
Q

what is the closing of the atrial ventricular valve

A

start of ventricular systole

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3
Q

what is the second heart sound

A

closing of the semi lunar vales

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4
Q

what does the closing of the semi lunar valves signal

A

end of ventricular systole

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5
Q

what is an EKG (ECG)

A

electrocardiogram

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6
Q

when are the semilunar valves open

A

only open when pressure in ventricles is higher than pressure in atria

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7
Q

what is the ejection phase

A

when pressure is enough to push blood through valves

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8
Q

what is the formula for how much blood is ejected in a heart cycle

A

EDV-ESV=Stroke volume

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9
Q

what is EDV

A

end diastolic volume

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10
Q

what is ESV

A

end systolic volume

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11
Q

what is diastasis

A

a brief situation where blood leaves ventricles even though atrial pressure is slightly higher

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12
Q

what is isovolumetric relaxation

A

semilunar valves close as vestricles relax

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13
Q

what is ventricular filling due to

A

due to inertia

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14
Q

when is passive return used

A

as long as atrial pressure is higher than ventricular pressure the atriaventricular valve will be open

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15
Q

which circuit is high pressure and which is low pressure

A

systemic is high, pulmonary is low

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16
Q

how much blood remains in atria at all times

A

around 40-50ml

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17
Q

what is the blood remaining in the atria

A

end systolic volume

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18
Q

what is the p wave

A

synchronous contraction of the left and right atria

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19
Q

what are the three steps to ventricular systole

A

isovolumetric contraction, ejection phase, diastasis (inertia)

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20
Q

what is ventricular diastole

A

isovolumetric relaxation

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21
Q

when is the atrioventricular valve open

A

during atrial systole, during ventricular filling

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22
Q

when is the atrioventricular valve closed

A

isoventricular contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation

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23
Q

when is the aortic valve open

A

ventricular ejection

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24
Q

during atrial systole the ventricles are already filled, why is blood still put into the ventricles

A

its a sort of topping off of the tank, its not a meaningful impact of the heart during rest

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25
what is the p wave
atrial systole
26
what is the qrs wave
isovolumetric contraction
27
what is the t wave
ventricular ejection
28
what is end diastolic volume
maximum volume in ventricles when atria in systole
29
what is the approximate EDV
120ml
30
what is cardiac output
amount of blood pumped per unit time (L/min)
31
what is the approximate cardiac output for one circuit
5-6L/circuit of circulation
32
why does the amount of oxygen in the blood matter for aerobic organisms
to prevent hypoxia
33
how many liters of blood is pumped per minute for most adult humans
25-27 liters
34
what is stroke volume
amount of blood ejected per heart beat
35
how do you calculate cardiac output
HR x SV = CO
36
what is tachycardia
heart beating excessively fast, ventricles not able to fill before ejecting blood
37
whats the max amount of blood a human can pump in exercise
max is 35L for amazing athletes
38
what fold of increase can heart rate have at resting versus excercising
heart rate can have 3 fold increase
39
what fold of increase can stroke volume have at resting versus excercising
stroke volume can have 2 fold increase
40
what does HCN channels stand for
hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotides
41
what are HCN channels
different cyclic nucleotides when make k influx
42
what is the SA node RMP
-65mV
43
what is the myocardial cell RMP
-85mv
44
what are the excitable tissues of the heart
SA node, AV node, bundle of His, purkinje fibers
45
whats the reason to have myogenic specialized muscle tissue
to activate the heart and transfer action potential
46
where is the SA node
right atrium
47
what does SA stand for
sinoatrial
48
what kind of cells are in the SA node
cells that have autorythmisity (pacemaker potential)
49
what is a cellular pacemaker
cells spontaneously depolarizing
50
what does RMP stand for
resting membrane potential
51
what is RMP due to
K efflux
52
what is pacemaker potential driven by
sodium influx
53
what action potential do cells have in SA node
100 AP/min
54
where is the AV node
at the boundary between atria and ventricles
55
which node has a higher pacemaker potential
SA has higher
56
what is AV delay
0.05m/s
57
where do you get specialized conduction
bundle of His and purkinje fibers
58
what are the bundle of his and purkinje fibers
elongate cells specialized for rapid AP conduction
59
what is a rapid AP conduction value
5m/s
60
what are cells of node trying to act like
trying to act like axons
61
when are voltage gated calcium channels open
when SA node pacemaker potential has hit threshhold
62
what are between cardiac muscle cells
gap junctions
63
what do gap junctions allow for
ion transfer (electrical charge transfer)
64
what do inactive voltage gated sodium channels allow for
relaxation
65
what ensures relaxation
protractive repolarization
66
what does bundle of his and purkinje fibers cause
rapid depolarization of ventricles
67
what is the parasympathetic division
autonomic nervous system
68
what nerve is part of the parasympathetic division
vagus nerve
69
what number cranial nerve is the vagus nerve
10
70
what does the vagus nerve do
reduces the heart rate
71
what innervates the SA node and the myocardium
parasympathetic division
72
what reduces heart rate so diastole lasts longer
parasympathetic division
73
what causes HCN channels
cGMP
74
what does RMP reduction do
hyperpolarizes SA node
75
what does cGMP do
reduces cytoplasmic Ca
76
when does vagus activity decrease
when exercising
77
what nerve takes over when vagus is decreased
sympathetic
78
what does the sympathetic nerve give
norepinephrine mostly as a neurotransmitter (and a little bit of epinephrine)
79
when does calcium pool in the body
when heart beat increases
80
why does calcium pool with increased HR
not enough time in diastole to remove it
81
what does Na act as when calcium is pooling
acts as a cotransport agent
82
is the vagus nerve sympathetic is parasympathetic
parasympathetic
83
whats the major nerve in sympathetic
accelerator nerve
84
what does the sympathetic division do
releases norepinephrine, activates adrenal medulla to release epinephrine, increases HR

Animal Physiology (9 decks)

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