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Animal Physiology > Quiz 6 > Flashcards

Quiz 6 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the first heart sound

A

closing of the atrial ventricular valve

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2
Q

what is the closing of the atrial ventricular valve

A

start of ventricular systole

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3
Q

what is the second heart sound

A

closing of the semi lunar vales

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4
Q

what does the closing of the semi lunar valves signal

A

end of ventricular systole

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5
Q

what is an EKG (ECG)

A

electrocardiogram

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6
Q

when are the semilunar valves open

A

only open when pressure in ventricles is higher than pressure in atria

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7
Q

what is the ejection phase

A

when pressure is enough to push blood through valves

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8
Q

what is the formula for how much blood is ejected in a heart cycle

A

EDV-ESV=Stroke volume

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9
Q

what is EDV

A

end diastolic volume

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10
Q

what is ESV

A

end systolic volume

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11
Q

what is diastasis

A

a brief situation where blood leaves ventricles even though atrial pressure is slightly higher

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12
Q

what is isovolumetric relaxation

A

semilunar valves close as vestricles relax

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13
Q

what is ventricular filling due to

A

due to inertia

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14
Q

when is passive return used

A

as long as atrial pressure is higher than ventricular pressure the atriaventricular valve will be open

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15
Q

which circuit is high pressure and which is low pressure

A

systemic is high, pulmonary is low

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16
Q

how much blood remains in atria at all times

A

around 40-50ml

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17
Q

what is the blood remaining in the atria

A

end systolic volume

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18
Q

what is the p wave

A

synchronous contraction of the left and right atria

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19
Q

what are the three steps to ventricular systole

A

isovolumetric contraction, ejection phase, diastasis (inertia)

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20
Q

what is ventricular diastole

A

isovolumetric relaxation

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21
Q

when is the atrioventricular valve open

A

during atrial systole, during ventricular filling

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22
Q

when is the atrioventricular valve closed

A

isoventricular contraction, ventricular ejection, isovolumetric relaxation

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23
Q

when is the aortic valve open

A

ventricular ejection

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24
Q

during atrial systole the ventricles are already filled, why is blood still put into the ventricles

A

its a sort of topping off of the tank, its not a meaningful impact of the heart during rest

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25
Q

what is the p wave

A

atrial systole

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26
Q

what is the qrs wave

A

isovolumetric contraction

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27
Q

what is the t wave

A

ventricular ejection

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28
Q

what is end diastolic volume

A

maximum volume in ventricles when atria in systole

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29
Q

what is the approximate EDV

A

120ml

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30
Q

what is cardiac output

A

amount of blood pumped per unit time (L/min)

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31
Q

what is the approximate cardiac output for one circuit

A

5-6L/circuit of circulation

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32
Q

why does the amount of oxygen in the blood matter for aerobic organisms

A

to prevent hypoxia

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33
Q

how many liters of blood is pumped per minute for most adult humans

A

25-27 liters

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34
Q

what is stroke volume

A

amount of blood ejected per heart beat

35
Q

how do you calculate cardiac output

A

HR x SV = CO

36
Q

what is tachycardia

A

heart beating excessively fast, ventricles not able to fill before ejecting blood

37
Q

whats the max amount of blood a human can pump in exercise

A

max is 35L for amazing athletes

38
Q

what fold of increase can heart rate have at resting versus excercising

A

heart rate can have 3 fold increase

39
Q

what fold of increase can stroke volume have at resting versus excercising

A

stroke volume can have 2 fold increase

40
Q

what does HCN channels stand for

A

hyperpolarization activated cyclic nucleotides

41
Q

what are HCN channels

A

different cyclic nucleotides when make k influx

42
Q

what is the SA node RMP

A

-65mV

43
Q

what is the myocardial cell RMP

A

-85mv

44
Q

what are the excitable tissues of the heart

A

SA node, AV node, bundle of His, purkinje fibers

45
Q

whats the reason to have myogenic specialized muscle tissue

A

to activate the heart and transfer action potential

46
Q

where is the SA node

A

right atrium

47
Q

what does SA stand for

A

sinoatrial

48
Q

what kind of cells are in the SA node

A

cells that have autorythmisity (pacemaker potential)

49
Q

what is a cellular pacemaker

A

cells spontaneously depolarizing

50
Q

what does RMP stand for

A

resting membrane potential

51
Q

what is RMP due to

A

K efflux

52
Q

what is pacemaker potential driven by

A

sodium influx

53
Q

what action potential do cells have in SA node

A

100 AP/min

54
Q

where is the AV node

A

at the boundary between atria and ventricles

55
Q

which node has a higher pacemaker potential

A

SA has higher

56
Q

what is AV delay

A

0.05m/s

57
Q

where do you get specialized conduction

A

bundle of His and purkinje fibers

58
Q

what are the bundle of his and purkinje fibers

A

elongate cells specialized for rapid AP conduction

59
Q

what is a rapid AP conduction value

A

5m/s

60
Q

what are cells of node trying to act like

A

trying to act like axons

61
Q

when are voltage gated calcium channels open

A

when SA node pacemaker potential has hit threshhold

62
Q

what are between cardiac muscle cells

A

gap junctions

63
Q

what do gap junctions allow for

A

ion transfer (electrical charge transfer)

64
Q

what do inactive voltage gated sodium channels allow for

A

relaxation

65
Q

what ensures relaxation

A

protractive repolarization

66
Q

what does bundle of his and purkinje fibers cause

A

rapid depolarization of ventricles

67
Q

what is the parasympathetic division

A

autonomic nervous system

68
Q

what nerve is part of the parasympathetic division

A

vagus nerve

69
Q

what number cranial nerve is the vagus nerve

A

10

70
Q

what does the vagus nerve do

A

reduces the heart rate

71
Q

what innervates the SA node and the myocardium

A

parasympathetic division

72
Q

what reduces heart rate so diastole lasts longer

A

parasympathetic division

73
Q

what causes HCN channels

A

cGMP

74
Q

what does RMP reduction do

A

hyperpolarizes SA node

75
Q

what does cGMP do

A

reduces cytoplasmic Ca

76
Q

when does vagus activity decrease

A

when exercising

77
Q

what nerve takes over when vagus is decreased

A

sympathetic

78
Q

what does the sympathetic nerve give

A

norepinephrine mostly as a neurotransmitter (and a little bit of epinephrine)

79
Q

when does calcium pool in the body

A

when heart beat increases

80
Q

why does calcium pool with increased HR

A

not enough time in diastole to remove it

81
Q

what does Na act as when calcium is pooling

A

acts as a cotransport agent

82
Q

is the vagus nerve sympathetic is parasympathetic

A

parasympathetic

83
Q

whats the major nerve in sympathetic

A

accelerator nerve

84
Q

what does the sympathetic division do

A

releases norepinephrine, activates adrenal medulla to release epinephrine, increases HR

Animal Physiology (9 decks)

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