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Animal Physiology > Quiz 4 > Flashcards

Quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

simply what is an amphibian lung

A

simple sac with moderate surface area elaboration

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2
Q

what kind of pressure inflation do reptile lungs have

A

positive pressure

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3
Q

are amphibian or reptile lungs more complex

A

reptile are more complex

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4
Q

what kind of pressure dynamic do most vertebrate lungs have

A

most vertebrate lungs have a negative pressure system

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5
Q

what is a negative pressure dynamic

A

use bucal cavity to push air into lungs creating a positive pressure (bucal cavity contracts pushing air positively into lungs)

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6
Q

what animal has one functional lung

A

snakes within reptiles (other lung is vestigial)

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7
Q

how do reptiles compensate for exchange since the integument doesnt have any meaningful O2 exchange

A

have more sacculations in their lungs to increase surface area without necessarily creating a bigger lung

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8
Q

what is a faveoli

A

a sac within the lungs of reptiles

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9
Q

where is the most sacculation (faveoli) in the lungs of snakes

A

primarily in first 1/3 of the snakes lung (1st 1/3 cranially)

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10
Q

what does the last 2/3 of the snake lung act as

A

acts as bellows which activates pressure cycles

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11
Q

what is a bellows

A

an area that allows contraction or expansion

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12
Q

how does a snake lung act as a bellows

A

old air in last 2/3 of lung is pushed towards outward creating an inner pull for new air to come in

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13
Q

all amphibians have sacculated lungs, why

A

to increase surface area and increase gas exchange

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14
Q

what is a thoracic cavity

A

present in mammalian lungs, pleural space, drained by lymphatic system)

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15
Q

simply what are mammalian lungs

A

paired lungs with lobes

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16
Q

how is air modified before coming into the lungs

A

air is conditioned to make it wetter, warmer, and cleaner

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17
Q

where is the diaphragm

A

below the lungs

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18
Q

how many lobes does a human heart have

A

5

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19
Q

why is there no gas exchange on the conduction zone

A

its too thick

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20
Q

why is gas exchange possible in the respiratory zone

A

because of millions of microscopic bubble like alveoli

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21
Q

what does the respiratory tree begin with

A

trachea that is superior to the thoracic cavity

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22
Q

the respiratory tree has successive branching, what are the main types of branching here

A

generations and alveoli

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23
Q

how many generations are there in mammalian lungs

A

23 (0-16 conducting zone, 17-23 respiratory zone)

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24
Q

what causes branchiolar constriction

A

smooth muscle walls of middle passagewats

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25
Q

what was branchiolar constriction

A

reduced airflow

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26
Q

what kind of constriction is present in asthma

A

hyperconstriction

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27
Q

how many alveoli are in the lungs

A

300 million

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28
Q

when would you use nearly all of the alveoli

A

when exercising

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29
Q

what surface area does 300 million alveoli create

A

85m^2 surface area

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30
Q

why do overweight individuals have a higher chance of having asthma

A

adipocytes release lung imflammatory protein (fatter you are, 3x more protein released and inflammation causes asthma)

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31
Q

what promotes relaxation and increased airflow of bronchioles when having asthma attack

A

sympathetic division with epinephrine

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32
Q

when would the bronchioles change in diameter

A

when they are inflammed they close up (asthma), when theyre relaxed theyre open

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33
Q

as the diameter of the bronchioles increases, the resistence of fluid movement ….

A

decreases

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34
Q

what affects the fluid movement of air in the bronchioles

A

tubule length and diameter

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35
Q

what is the size of a single alveolus

A

300microns

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36
Q

the main wall of the alveolus is made of what kind of cells

A

simple squamosal

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37
Q

what are the type 1 epithelial cells

A

main all of alveolus

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38
Q

what are the type 2 epithelial cells

A

between successive alveoli, secretory mitochondria

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39
Q

what are secretory mitochondria

A

lamellated bodies

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40
Q

what do secretory mitochindria produce

A

surfactant (dipalmitoyl lecithin)

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41
Q

what does a lack of surfactant (dipalmitoyl lecithin) cause

A

can cause respiratory distress syndrome in children

42
Q

what do fibroblasts do

A

build connective tissue

43
Q

what do macrophages do

A

remove pathogens (defensive function)

44
Q

what kind of cells are type 2 epithelial cells

A

cuboidal

45
Q

whats the function of surfactant

A

reduces cohesion of water molecules, reducing surface tension

46
Q

what is the function of fibrocartilage in alveoli

A

ribrocartilage helps to keep alveoli open so gas exchange can continue

47
Q

what are ventilation dynamics

A

pressure volume changes (tissue fluid pressure in pleural cavity)

48
Q

why is tissue fluid pressure in pleural cavity higher than lung pressure

A

without the pressure difference lungs can collapse (pneumothorax)

49
Q

what is the pressure difference between pleural cavity and lungs during inhalation

A

3-4mmHg

50
Q

what is the pressure difference bwteen pleural cavity and lungs during exhalation

A

1-2mmHg difference from exhalation

51
Q

what is pneumothorax

A

when pressure between pleural cavity and lung is compromised, lung collapses and pleural cavity fills with air

52
Q

what forces lungs to move involuntarily

A

diaphragm will be activated to contract

53
Q

what direction do intercostals move

A

outward and up

54
Q

how much CO2 is in the body at all times

A

about 40mmHg

55
Q

how much CO2 is in the environment usually

A

about 100mmHg

56
Q

is inspiration or expiration always an active process

A

inspiration is ALWAYS an active process

57
Q

what are the types of volume changes

A

inhalation and exhalation

58
Q

how does inspiration happen

A

cavity boundaries expand and lung follows

59
Q

how does exhalation happen

A

cavity boundaries recoil, lungs follow

60
Q

how can exhalation be active or passive

A

passive because elastic recoil can force air from lungs, active because muscles (intercostals, rectus abdominus) can force air out of lungs

61
Q

what is anatomical dead space

A

the residual volume of air in lungs that cannot be forced out

62
Q

how much oxygen is found in alveoli

A

100mmHg

63
Q

how much oxygen is found in environment

A

160mmHg

64
Q

what is the exchange time to equilibrate blood to lung air

A

about 1/4 of a second

65
Q

what is the resting transit time to equilibrate blood to lung air

A

about 3/4 of a second

66
Q

what is the exercise transit time to equilibrate blood to lung air

A

about 1/3 of a second.

67
Q

equilibrating blood to lung air is a feature of which type of epithelial cells

A

type 1 epithelial cells

68
Q

elephants lack a pleural cavity, how do they keep their lungs from collapsing

A

lungs are tethered open

69
Q

what is west’s argument for elephant lungs being tethered open

A

evolved for snorkeling behavior, water compression would otherwise collapse the lungs

70
Q

what is elasticity

A

readily recoils to original shape

71
Q

what is compliance

A

stretches easily

72
Q

when is elasticity and compliance opposite of each other

A

at extreme ends of the spectra (if excessively elastic then lose compliance and vice versa)

73
Q

what are obstructive lung diseases

A

COPD and asthma

74
Q

what is COPD

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

75
Q

how is COPD caused

A

cigarettes, volatile chemicals get in the middle of the respiratory tree and causes imflammation that can lead to emphazema meaning air cant get to alveoli because air tubing was blown apart, non reparable

76
Q

what do obstructive lung diseases do

A

increase airway resistance

77
Q

what do restrictive lung diseases do

A

increase elasticity of lungs

78
Q

whats an example of a restrictive lung disease

A

fibrotic lung disease

79
Q

how does fibrotic lung disease work

A

air bourse particles not being filtered out so they go in conductive or respiratory zone, tubercles are made in defense where fibroblasts trap off that part of the lung eventually reducing lung capacity

80
Q

what does VC=

A

VC=TVr+IRV+ERV

81
Q

what is vc

A

vital capacity

82
Q

what is tvr

A

tidal volume resting

83
Q

what is irv

A

inspiratory reserve volume

84
Q

what is erv

A

expiratory reserve volume

85
Q

what is vital capacity

A

maximum amount of air that can move through lungs

86
Q

what is the typical total lung capacity

A

around 4-6L

87
Q

what is vital capacity volume

A

3-5L

88
Q

what is residual volume typically

A

1L

89
Q

what is residual volume

A

excess air in lungs that cant be pushed out

90
Q

what is tidal volume

A

amount of air moved in a breathing cycle

91
Q

what is a typical tidal volume at rest

A

about 500ml

92
Q

what is a typical inspiratory reserve

A

3L

93
Q

what is a typical expiratory reserve

A

1L

94
Q

inspiratory and expiratory each have their own ___ potantial

A

pacemaker

95
Q

what is the purpose of increasing depth and rate of breathing for tetrapod vertebrates

A

maintaining hemoglobin saturation of O2 and CO2

96
Q

what does branchiolar dialation do

A

lowers resistance

97
Q

where in the brain is breathing controlled

A

medulla oblongata

98
Q

what does the VRG of the medulla have

A

inspiratory and expiratory neurons

99
Q

what does the DRG of the medulla have

A

modifies VRG activity

100
Q

where does the pacemaker potention of inspiration and expiration happen

A

in the medualla

Animal Physiology (9 decks)

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