quiz 7 Flashcards
what is the fuction of an arteriole
regulate blood flow into tissue
how is fluid forced through capillaries
by filtration
why is filtration through capillaries important
its a way of moving material from blood to tissues
what is the function precapillary sphinter
regulate blood flow into a tissue
what does a precapillary sphinter consist of
a bulb at the end of a capillary that controls blood flow into capillaries
what is the difference between veno and vasoconstriction
vaso in artery veno in veins
what is the function of a vein
returns blood to the heart
what about the internal anatomy of a vein is large
the lumen is large
what does it mean that some veins have one way stop valves
have cup shaped valves to close and stop the flow of blood
is artery or vein system high pressure
artery is high pressure, vein is low pressure
what changes about the resistance in venoconstriction versus venodilation
the resistance levels do not change in veins
what kind of input controls venodilation or venoconstriction
sympathetic input
what controls venodilation or venoconstruction
CV center in the medulla
what is impacted most by venodilation and venoconstriction
resevoir capacity
what is venoconstriction
descrease resevoir, increase venous return
what is venodilation
increase resevoir, decrease venous return
which veno has the lower sympathetic activity
venodilation
how do veins have a low resistance
due to large lumen
what is a change in venous return correlated with in the heart
end diastolic volume
what are vericose veins due to
degredation of valves in veins
what increases venous return
venoconstriction
when is venoconstriction increased
when exercising
where is the majority of systemic blood located in the body
in the venous system
when is the majority of the blood not in the veins
when exercising (need to remove more co2 and bring in o2)
why can capillaries have a very small portion of blood
because they have a huge surface area to allow for gas exchange dynamics
surface area is directly proportional to _______
flow rate
what is the function of a peristaltic pump
continuous cycles
what has largest overall influence in blood pressure
diastole
what would the mean value for resting be if 120 and 80 and why
it would be 90 because diastole is more influential than systole
why are mammalian RBC shaped weird
due to endotermic needs due to oxygen demands that are critical for endothermy
how much of vertebrate blood is made of up formed elements
10-50%
what are the 3 cellular fractions to vertebrate blood
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
what is the dominant formed element in vertebrates
red blood cells
how many hemoglobin molecules are found in one RBC
270 million
what vertebrate fish lacks hemoglobin
channichthyidae
what carbon derivative is in red blood cells
carbonic anhydrase
how many RBC are in adult human
20-30 trillian (4-5million per cubic mm)
what happens to RBC when they mature
they eject their nucleus and become anucleate
what is the proper name for the shape of RBC
biconcave
what is the function of WBC
defense, phagocytosis (5 types)
what is the function of platelets
hemostasis
what are the two most common names for blood
blood or hemolymph
what is blood/hemolymph
circulating fluid in cardiovascular system
what is the common slang term for RBC
little bags of hemoglobin
what is the purpose of carbonic anhydrase
gas transport in blood
what does carbon anhydrase catalyze
the reaction of water and carbon dioxide to produce carbonic acid
how do channichthyidae function without hemoglobin
use o2 in extracellular fluid in blood
what is another name for a platelate
thrombocyte
what does it mean that platelets work in hemostassi
they have mechanisms to stop blood loss
what is the order of formed elements in abundancy
most is RBC, platelete, then WBC is least abundant
what is the life span of an erythrocyte
100-120 days
what is another name for an erythrocyte
RBC
what engulfs dying RBC and where
macrophages in the spleen
what is the function of the spleen
resevoir for RBC and the removal site needed for recycling of organic elements
when an erythrocyte is destroyed what happens
heme and globin are separated, iron reused
what happens to the heme upon degredation
heme degraded to bilirubin (yellow)
where is bilirubin secreted from and to
secreted from liver into into bile for intestines
what is the body of feces
stercobilin
what happens to globin when RBC degraded
metabolized into amino acids
how is globin broken down for amino acid use
broken down by hydrolysis
what is anemia
blood has abnormally low o2 carrying capacity
what does it mean that in anemia blood has a low o2 carrying capacity
blood levels cant support normal aerobic metablism
what are the symptoms of anemia
fatigue, pleness, shortness of breath, chills
anemia is a ___ not a ____
symptom, disease
what produces new formed elements
bone marrow
what are the three kinds of anemia due to insufficient RBC
hemolytic, aplastic, hemorrhagic
what is hemolytic anemia
RBC repture in blood rpematurely
what is aplastic anemia
destruction or inhibition of red bone marrow
what is hemorrhagic anemia
acute or chronic loss of blood
when does acute blood loss occur
something sudden like an accident
when does chronic blood loss occur
gradual over time like an ulcer or a tumour
what are the causes for hemolytic anemia
genetic or parasitic
what is genetic hemolytic anemia
athallocemia
what parasite causes hemolytic anemia
malaria (protozoic: proliferate in RBC and burst RBC to hatch and spread youth)
what is an example of how aplastic anemia happens
excessive exposur to radiation
what are the two kind of anemia due to low Hb production
iron deficiency, pernicious
when can iron deficiency anemia occur
as a secondary result of hemorrhagic anemia or due to inadequite intake of iron containing foods, impaired iron absorption
what can cause iron absorpton to be impaired
chrons disease
when can pernicious anemia happen
not enough b12, tapeworm
how do you treat pernicious anemia
b12 injection or application of nascobal
why is anemia an issue
iron holds the oxygen in the blood and prevents enough packing of hemoglobin into RBC
what diseases result from abnormal hb structure
thalassemias and sickle-cell
what is thalassemias
absent or faulty globin chain
what is sickle-cell
crystalization dynamic causes shape change. crystalization due to defective gene code makes cells sickle shaped when in low o2
where are hemocytoblasts produced
bone marrow
what is the production of RBC called
erythropoieses
what regulates production of RBC
glycoprotein hormone ERYTHROPOIETIN
where is erythropoietin made
kidneys
what is the name for the production of WBC
leukopoiesis
when does leukemia happen
abnormality in production of WBC
what is the term for the production of all formed elements
hematopoiesis
what kind of feedback dynamic is erythropoiesis
negative feedback dynamic
what is the primary component of blood
plasma
how much of blood is made of plasma
50-90%
what is plasma
water containing dissolved and suspended solutes
what makes up 80% of the solute in plasma
na and k
what is the most abundant organic compound in plasma
glucose
why are albumins needed in plasma
transport and osmotic pressure. brings fluid out of tissues from capillaries to prevent edema
what is the proper name for blood in insects and other invertebrates
hemolymph
waht percent of hemolymph is plasma
90%
what are the 4 formed elements in hemolymph
prohemocytes, plasmocytes, granulocytes, coagulocytes
what are prohemocytes
stem cells that can turn into other formed elements where needed
what are plasmocytes
phagocytes
what are granulocytes
store proteins and release srategically where and when needed
what are coagulocytes
act kind of like platelets. they rupture and trigger hemostasis
