Wed 2 - engeland - hypothalamic - brainstem integration of food intake part 2

Question 1

bilateral lesion of amygdala

name of disease

Sx

Answer 1

Urbach–Wiethe disease, mutation of loss of funciton in amygdala

cannot recognize emotion in other humans’ facial expression

inability to judge similar emotions i.e. fear vs anger, surprise vs happy

Question 2

PTSD

Sx

increase in what activity in brain?

decrease in what activity in brain?

Answer 2

re-experiencing phenomenon

avoidance of stimuli that is like what caused the initial anxiety

hyperarousal

increase in amygdala activity

MOST PROMINANT: decrease in the medial prefrontal cortex activity (orbitofrontal cortex)

Question 3

Schizophrenia

Sx:
positive
negative

Tx effects which Sx?

2 examples of Tx and side effects

2 likely causes?

Answer 3

(fragmentation of mood thought and movement)

positive Sx: delusions and hallucination

negative: social widthdrawl

Tx effect only the positive Sx:

haloperidol blocks DA receptors, causes motor dysfunction or parkinsonian like Sx. This is only happening if you have been on the drug for a while

clozapine: atypical anti-phychotic, blocks DA receptor, but doesn’t stay on the receptor for very long. also block 5HT receptors, also block glutamate reuptake.
cause: increase in DA activity, loss of glutamate (PCP blocks NMDA glutamate receptor and causes schizophrenic like Sx)

Question 4

Depression

Sx

population?

cause?

Tx

Answer 4

lethargy, anhedonia (don’t have pleasure), loss of sleep

20% of women, 13% of men are being treated for depression

cause: decrease in NE and or 5HT receptor activity

Txs:

MAOI (monoamine oxidase inhibitor): stops degredation of monoamines in the presynaptic terminal

OLD: tricyclics (monoamine reuptake inhibitors), causes NE and 5HT to stay in the synaptic cleft (imipramine)

SSRI (serotonin specific reuptake inhibitors): (fluoxitine and prozac)

deep brain stimulation is used rarely

Question 5

korsakoff’s syndrome

Sx

cause

Answer 5

no new memories

disorientation in space and time

confabulation (will respond to space and time question, but will make it all up)

chronic alcoholism leading to B1 (thyamine) deficiency causes DMG to mammallary bodies or mammilothalamic tract

Question 6

Kluver-bucy syndrome

cause

Sx

Answer 6

bilateral medial temporal lobe damage (encephalitis, stroke)

Sx:

oral tendancies (objects go to mouth)

emotionally neutral (DMG to amygdala)

hypersexuality (increase in number and variety of sexual activity) always changing the convo to something sexual

visual agnosia or psychic blindness: inability to descriminate visual stimuli (they may not be able to see something, so they put it in their mouth to try and tell what it is

Question 7

alzheimer’s dementia

Sx

incidence

etiology (cause)

Tx

Answer 7

Sx: chronic progressive deterioration w/ distinct developmental stages.
dramatic loss of memory.
anxiety and depression.
loss of motor function.
complete loss of cognitive function.

incidence:
50 of people over 85

Etiology:
loss of cholinergic input to hippocampus

Tx: Aricept, blocker of ACh esterase

Question 8

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Sx

cause

Answer 8

Sx like alzheimers, plus increased aggressiveness, anteriograde amnesia (cannot form new memories)

trauma is the cause ya dingo

Question 9

what is the seahorse shaped structure?

Answer 9

hippocampus