Tuesday 3 - engeland - hypothalmus Flashcards

1
Q

what does the fornix lead to

A

mammilary bodies to hypothalmus via mammilothalamic tract

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2
Q

Role of posterior pituitary with regards to hormones

A

secretion of Vasopressin or Oxytocin (a single neuron cannot release both) into systemic circulation

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3
Q

Where are the hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary made?

Where are they secreted from?

A

magnocellular neurons (HUGE neurons) in the supraoptic (SON) and paraventricular nuclei (PVN)

secreted from the axons of these nuclei that travel allll the way down into the posterior pituitary and are stored in vesicles until released by neural activity

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4
Q

What nuclei in the brain supply neurons that go towards the paraventricular nucleus and the supraoptic nucleus, making them release (or hold onto) their neurotransmitters?

A

limbic area of the brain (motivation, emotion)

solitary tract (nucleus is in the medulla)

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5
Q

vasopressin

3 big stimuli for its release and what does it do to resolve these stimuli

another name for it?

A

increase blood solutes -> increase in water resorption by kidney

hypovolemia -> increase in water resorption by kidney

hypotension -> vasoconstriction to increase BP

anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

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6
Q

oxytocin

2 big stimuli for its release and what does it do to resolve these stimuli

use as a drug?

A

suckling -> milk ejection reflex causes smooth muscle contraction to eject milk

uterine stimulation -> uterine contraction leading to delivery

used in helping couples bond by shoving it up their noses…

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7
Q

two somatomammotropins

A

growth hormone

prolactin

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8
Q

Stimuli and effects of growth hormone

A

stimuli: exercise, stress, sleep (80 % of effect is during slow wave sleep)

effect is growth ya dingus

also metabolism

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9
Q

stimuli and effects of prolactin

A

stimuli: suckling and stress
effects: development of mammary tissue and production of milk

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10
Q

Stimuli and effects of thyroid stimulating hormone

A

stim: exposure to cold temp
effects: increase in secretion of thyroid hormone; increase in cell metabolism; increase in heat production

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11
Q

stim and effects of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

(gonadotropic hormone)

regulated by hypothalamic peptide

effects: men: spermatogenesis
women: development of ovarian follicle

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12
Q

stim and effects of luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

(gonadotropic hormone)

regulated by hypothalamic peptide

effects: men: required for spermatogenesis, stimulates testosterone
Women: initiates ovulation and stimulates progesterone

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13
Q

opiomalanocortin peptides stim and effects

general things about it too

A

melano- meaning plays a role in stimulating the melanocytes

-cortin meaning involved in adrenal cortex

when cleaved, it makes multiple biologically active fragments!!!!!:

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - stress stimulates release, causes secretion of cortisone from the adrenal cortex

beta-endorphin - stress stimulates release, effects are opiate like, causing analgesia.

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14
Q

what test could be used clinically to assess anterior pituitary function?

what does it release

A

give insulin to induce hypoglycemia, causes activation of things from anterior pituitary like cortisol via ACTH, beta endorphin, prolactin, growth hormone

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15
Q

pathway of the stimulation and release of the anterior pituitary hormones

A

(no direct arterial supply to anterior pituitary cells)

hypothalmus releases hormones secreted into primary plexus

carried to pituitary cells via hypophyseal portal vein

goes to the secondary capilary body

causes release of hormone systemically

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16
Q

only pituitary hormone controlled by an excitatory and inhibitory pathway?

what does the excitation and inhibitions?

A

growth hormone:
inhibited by somatostatin.
promoted by growth-hormone-releasing-hormone.

17
Q

What pituitary hormone does dopamine inhibit?

A

prolactin

18
Q

What hormonal changes would result from pituitary stalk section?

A

increase in prolactin, because it is the only one that is under net inhibition by the pituitary

all other hormones going to decrease

19
Q

diabetes insipidus
cause
Sx
Tx

A

loss of vasopressin secretion

caused by:

head trauma, severing pituitary stalk

autoimmune destruction of magnocellular neurons

idiopathic

Sx: frequent urination (polyuria)
excessive drinking (polydipsia)

Tx: vasopressin that acts selectively on the kidney. (Desaminovasopressin), doesn’t increase BP.

20
Q

galactorrhea-amenorrhea
cause
Sx
Tx

A

usually microadenoma causes:

release of prolactin

inappropriate lactation and cessation of menstration

build up of prolactin thought to cause decrease in FSH, LH, which causes the cessation of menstration, can’t get pregnant

surgical Tx: removal of microadenoma,

pharmacological Tx: inhibit prolactin with dopamine receptor agonist