Wed 1 - engeland - hypothalamic-brainstem integration of food intake

Question 1

Nucleus ambiguus function in eating

V3 funtion in eating

CN XII function in eating

Answer 1

swallowing

mastication

chewing (tounge)

Question 2

what does NTS stand for

what does it do

what stimulates it

Answer 2

nucleus tract solitarius

inhibits motor output to the:

nucleus ambiguus
V3
CN XII

vagus stimulates it; (vagus nerve senses gastric stretch and intestinal nutrient)

Question 3

Paraventricular nucleus releases what and causes what

Answer 3

corticotropin releasing hormone

satiety

Question 4

Lateral hypothalamic area releases what and causes what

Answer 4

orexin

eating

Question 5

Arcurate neurons excitatory neurotransmitter and how it acts on two different places in the brainstem

Answer 5

npY - excitatory to the lateral hypothalamic area (causes hunger)

excitatory to the GABAnergic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (there are GABAergic neurons INSIDE the PVN that cause the corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) to NOT be secreted by the PVN)

Question 6

Arcurate neurons inhibitory neurotransmitter and how it acts on two different places in the brainstem

Answer 6

Melanocortin - inhibits lateral hypothalamic

inhibits the GABAergic neuron (GABAergic neuron no longer inhibits the corticotropin release)

Question 7

what does leptin turn off?
what does it turn on?

i know this is review….

Answer 7

turns off npY

turns on melanocortin (alpha-MSH)

Question 8

another name for malanocortin

Answer 8

alpha-MSH

Question 9

where is the hippocampus

where do fibers go

what are the fibers called

Answer 9

in temporal lobe, long columnar nucleus

fibers project caudally, then up around the top of the thalmus and down to the mammilary body and septal nuclei

These fibers are called the fornix

Question 10

mammillary body

where is it

fiber project to

tract is called

Answer 10

hypothalmus

project to the anterior thalamic nucleus

fiber tract is called the mammilothalamic tract

Question 11

anterior thalamic nuceus

projects to

Answer 11

projects to cingulate gyrus, forebrain areas in prefrontal cortex

Question 12

amygdala

projects to

fiber bundle is called

role

lesions cause

Answer 12

c fiber bundle projects to septal nucleus

stria terminalis

role is “fear conditioning” learning

lesions cause lack of fear conditioning YA DON’T SAY

Question 13

medial forebrain bundle

goes from where to where

Answer 13

midbrain through hypothalmus to the forebrain

Question 14

limbic areas are effected by what neurotransmitters

Answer 14

NE, 5HT, DA

Question 15

where is NE made

Answer 15

locus ceruleus in pons

Question 16

where is 5HT made

important for:

Answer 16

raphe nuclei in midbrain, pons

important for general arousal, sleep wake cycles

Question 17

mesolimbic system

Are of the brain where it starts and projects to?
nuclei associated with it?
neurotransmitter used by this system?
point of the system?
lesion in this system causes?

Answer 17

midbrain projections to limbic structures

ventral tegmental area (VTA) (this projects to many different sites in the cortex)

DA is used by this system

It’s the reward system: (mouse pressing on a bar example) (involved in drug addiction)

lesion causes decrease in drug seeking behavior

Question 18

where is ACh made

Answer 18

nucleus basalis

septal nucleus

Question 19

what is usually the first thing to be lost in alzhemers

Answer 19

nucleus basalis, a place where ACh is made

Question 20

injury to prefrontal cortex leads to

Answer 20

impairment in goal directed behavior

lack of emotion

poor social jugement

poor emotional control

think P. Gage

Question 21

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex role

Answer 21

working memory

executive function

Question 22

orbitofrontal cortex role

Answer 22

inhibitory projections to amygdala

(amygdala connected in an excitatory way to the hypothalmus)

(emotional control)

Question 23

what happens if you remove the hipocampus

Answer 23

anterograde amnesia

i.e. no new memories made

loss of explicit memory (semanitc (facts) and episodic (experiences)) i.e. can’t remember a type of fruit