Wed 1 - engeland - hypothalamic-brainstem integration of food intake Flashcards
Nucleus ambiguus function in eating
V3 funtion in eating
CN XII function in eating
swallowing
mastication
chewing (tounge)
what does NTS stand for
what does it do
what stimulates it
nucleus tract solitarius
inhibits motor output to the:
nucleus ambiguus
V3
CN XII
vagus stimulates it; (vagus nerve senses gastric stretch and intestinal nutrient)
Paraventricular nucleus releases what and causes what
corticotropin releasing hormone
satiety
Lateral hypothalamic area releases what and causes what
orexin
eating
Arcurate neurons excitatory neurotransmitter and how it acts on two different places in the brainstem
npY - excitatory to the lateral hypothalamic area (causes hunger)
excitatory to the GABAnergic neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (there are GABAergic neurons INSIDE the PVN that cause the corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) to NOT be secreted by the PVN)
Arcurate neurons inhibitory neurotransmitter and how it acts on two different places in the brainstem
Melanocortin - inhibits lateral hypothalamic
inhibits the GABAergic neuron (GABAergic neuron no longer inhibits the corticotropin release)
what does leptin turn off?
what does it turn on?
i know this is review….
turns off npY
turns on melanocortin (alpha-MSH)
another name for malanocortin
alpha-MSH
where is the hippocampus
where do fibers go
what are the fibers called
in temporal lobe, long columnar nucleus
fibers project caudally, then up around the top of the thalmus and down to the mammilary body and septal nuclei
These fibers are called the fornix
mammillary body
where is it
fiber project to
tract is called
hypothalmus
project to the anterior thalamic nucleus
fiber tract is called the mammilothalamic tract
anterior thalamic nuceus
projects to
projects to cingulate gyrus, forebrain areas in prefrontal cortex
amygdala
projects to
fiber bundle is called
role
lesions cause
c fiber bundle projects to septal nucleus
stria terminalis
role is “fear conditioning” learning
lesions cause lack of fear conditioning YA DON’T SAY
medial forebrain bundle
goes from where to where
midbrain through hypothalmus to the forebrain
limbic areas are effected by what neurotransmitters
NE, 5HT, DA
where is NE made
locus ceruleus in pons
where is 5HT made
important for:
raphe nuclei in midbrain, pons
important for general arousal, sleep wake cycles
mesolimbic system Are of the brain where it starts and projects to? nuclei associated with it? neurotransmitter used by this system? point of the system? lesion in this system causes?
midbrain projections to limbic structures
ventral tegmental area (VTA) (this projects to many different sites in the cortex)
DA is used by this system
It’s the reward system: (mouse pressing on a bar example) (involved in drug addiction)
lesion causes decrease in drug seeking behavior
where is ACh made
nucleus basalis
septal nucleus
what is usually the first thing to be lost in alzhemers
nucleus basalis, a place where ACh is made
injury to prefrontal cortex leads to
impairment in goal directed behavior
lack of emotion
poor social jugement
poor emotional control
think P. Gage
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex role
working memory
executive function
orbitofrontal cortex role
inhibitory projections to amygdala
(amygdala connected in an excitatory way to the hypothalmus)
(emotional control)
what happens if you remove the hipocampus
anterograde amnesia
i.e. no new memories made
loss of explicit memory (semanitc (facts) and episodic (experiences)) i.e. can’t remember a type of fruit
