webarianism Flashcards
what are the 4 explainations for class inequality + sociologist
weberianism
- a persons societal position is based on a combination of their class, status and party- social class is more fragmented (weber)
- social class and inequality complex- there are a range of social class categories based on occupation (the hope-goldthorpe scale)
- a persons experience of inequality is influenced by the level or respect they recieve from others (weber and parkin)
- a persons “power” or “party” can influence how much influence they have within society (weber and beck)
who supports the explaination “a persons societal position is based on a combination of their class, status and party- class is more fragmented” + their ideas
class
WEBER
* recognised economic factors as a source of conflict
* moved away from marx’s two class model and defined class in terms of position in the economic marketplace
* defined social class as clusters of occupations with similar patterns of mobility and similar life chances
* 4 distinct classes: the propertied upper class, property less white collar workers, petty bourgeousie, manual workers.
who supports the explainiation ‘social class and inequality complex- there are a range of social categories based on occupations’ + their ideas
class
THE HOPE-GOLDTHORPE SCALE
* illustrates a multi-class model critiquing the work of marx
* aimed to construct a scale of a measure of ‘general derirability’ of occupations- had 36 subgroups
* showed the system is fluid and fragmented
who supports the explaination “a persons experience of inequality is influenced by the level of respect they recieve from others” + their ideas
class
WEBER AND PARKIN
* defined status as the most important cause of stratification
* those with a high-socioeconomic position holds more status
* status can bring those in a similar position together
* discusses negatively privilaged groups and how they are discriminated against by the bourgeousie
* to keep them from accessing the ‘privilages’ accessable to the bourgeousie
who supports the explaination ‘a persons power or party can influence how much influence they have within society’ + their ideas
class
WEBER AND BECK
- ‘party’ is the level of power/influence someone has over decision making in relation to working conditions
- e.g. trade unions, pressure groups. campaigns
- if a person is affiliated with a political party, they are likely to hold more prestige and power than others
what are the 4 webariansism explainations for age inequality
age
- a persons societal position is based on a combination of their class, status and party- age directly influences a persons social cass (WEBER)
- the young and some wlderly groups are more likely to hold lower positions within the workplace (BARREN AND NORRIS)
- young and elderly people lack status due to the lack of repiprocrity that can provide for others (TURNER)
- some age groups face a lower status in society due to their market position (PARKIN)
who supports the idea that ‘a persons societal position is based on a combination of their class, status and party- age directly influences a persons societal class’ + their ideas
age
WEBER
* intervrtist approach
* people within the same class position share broadly similar life chances and defined social classas clusters of occupation
* both lose age because of their age
* ageism
* johnston- institutional ageism
who supports the idea “the young and some wlderly groups are more likely to hold lower positions within the workplace” + their ideas
age
**BARREN AND NORRIS **
who supports the idea “young and elderly people lack status due to the lack of repiprocrity that can provide for others” + their ideas
age
TURNER
* turner is an exchange theory
* looked at interactions that expect something in return (reciprocity)
* as individuals mature, they gain greater status in society in a means of possesing property and having families
* we lose these statuses as we age and stop working.
* we value material wealth
who supported the idea that “some age groups face a lower status in society due to their market position” + their ideas
webarianism
PARKIN
* concept of ‘negatively privilaged status group’
* young and elderly negative effected by social segregation
* elderly often segregated in the media through a lack of positive portrayals (social closure)
what are the 4 webarian explainations for gender inequality
- women are more likely to face lower class positions than males due to social closure (weber)
- women are more likely to hold lower positions within the marketplace (barran and norris)
- women hold less status within the labour market and therefore face a range of inequalities (equal opportunities commission)
- women are less likely than men to be in a position whereby they can exersise political power (electoral commission)
who supports the explaination that ‘women are more likely to face lower class positions than males due to social closure’ + their ideas
gender
WEBER
* social closure is applied to gender inequality- social class position
* weber doesnt explicitly discuss position of women but adknowledges a range of characteristics to impact someones social class position
* the labour market is dominated my males in ‘top jobs’
* men reserve and protect these positions to exclude women
who supports the explaination that ‘women are more likely to hold lower positions within the marketplace’ + their ideas
gender
BARRON AND NORRIS
theres a dual labour market that can be used to explain womens employment patterns.
women are more likely to be found in a disadvantaged postion because…
1. employees hold a stereotypical beliefs about the ‘unsuitability’ of women
2. women are likely to experience disrupted career development due to maternaty leave
3. social pressure to have a family- gives them less opportunity
4. the legal & political framework supporting womens rights in workplace is weak
who supports the explaination that ‘women hold less status within the labour market and therefore face a range of inequalities’ + their ideas
gender
EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES COMMISSION
identified key explainations for continued presence of horizontal segregation
1. individual differences
2. career choices based on perception of careers
3. discrimination by employers
4. barriers with organisers
* women are seen to have a lower status in the labour market and face a glass ceiling
* concept of glass elevator (men rise higher & faster)
* men have ‘hidden advantages’
who supports the explaination that ‘women are less likely than men to be in a position whereby they can exersise political power’ + their ideas
gender
ELECTORAL COMMISSION
evidence to suggest that women tend to participate less than men in groups that exert pressure & power in society “political activism gap”
* those in paid employment are more likely to be politically active
* gap is significant amongst those with children
* age & ethnicity also have different effects on men and womens levels of activism
what are the 4 webarian explainations of ethnic inequality + the sociologist
- a disproportionate amount of the black and minority ethnic group population can be found at the bottom of the stratification pyramid (rex and tomlinson)
- black and minority ethnic groups are more likely to hold lower positions in the marketplace (barron and norris)
- a persons experience of inequality is influenced by the level of respect they recieve from others (parkin)
- political parties and trade unions do not reflect the interests of ethnic minority groups (weber)
who supports the explaination that ‘a disproportionate amount of the black and minority ethnic group population can be found at the bottom of the stratification pyramid’ + their ideas
ethnic
REX AND TOMLINSON
* defined class in terms of market situation- affect a persons life chances
* ‘underclass’ are trapped at the bottom of the stratification pyramid
* multiple forms of deprivation like low pay, poor housing and unequal access to education
* disadvantage worsened by hostility from white society
* ‘black underclass’ emerged- dont have same privilages and opportunities
who supports the explaination that ‘black and minority ethnic groups are more likely to hold lower positions in the marketplace’ + their ideas
ethnic
BANNON AND NORRIS
* argue that theres a dual labour market- explaining employment patterns of minority ethnic groups
minorities are less likely than white workers to obtain primary sector jobs becuase...
* employees may subscribe to racist beliefs and discriminate against them
* employees may not respond to application
* legal and political framework supporting ethnic minorities are usually weak
* trade unions are dominated by white
who supports the explaination that ‘a persons experience of inequality is influenced by the level of respect they recieve from others’ + their ideas
ethnic
PARKIN
* ‘negatively privilaged status groups- social class social closure strategies
* people in power exersise social closure- status groups are competitive
* create a concrete ceiling
* maximise societies “rewards” by restricting access to resources in the workplace to help justify their exclusion.
who supports the explaination that ‘political parties and trade unions do not reflect the interests of ethnic minority groups’ + their ideas
ethnic
WEBER
* groups form order to gain power and it reflects and promotes their own interests
* trade unions and professional groups seem to be dominated by white members- ethnic minority groups voices arent heard
* shows that ethnic groups are less likely to exersise forms of political power
