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sociology paper 2 > evidence for inequalities > Flashcards

evidence for inequalities Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 pieces of evidence for working class disadvantages in the workplace

A
  1. the equality trust / the inequality briefing
  2. Mac an Ghaill
  3. Willis
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2
Q

1- the equality trust

inequality in workplace

A
  • 90% of earners average income= £12,969
  • top 0.1% average income= £1,000,970
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3
Q

Mac an Ghaill

inequality in workplace

A

states that deindustrialisation has led to a ‘crisis of masculinity’amongst working class males- they face unemployment

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4
Q

Willis

inequality in workplace

A
  • working class males see their futures as working as basic manual labour jobs like their fathers therefore they do not aspire for more.
  • this prevents social mobility
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5
Q

what are the 3 pieces of evidence for working class disadvantage in education?

A
  1. bourdieu
  2. jackson
  3. the department for education
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6
Q
  1. Bourdieu

working class disadvantage- in education

A
  • education system is biased towards the culture of the dominant classes
  • main function of education is social reproduction (continuing class divisions)
  • education discriminates the working class due to the lack of cultural capital to succeed
  • hidden curriculum
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7
Q

Jackson

working class disadvantage- in education

A
  • working class ladettes adopt anti-school attitudes
  • they adopt assertive femininity around smoking and arguing with teachers
  • as a result- they are negatively labelled by teachers.
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8
Q

The Department For Education

working class disadvantage- in education

A
  • those who can get free school meals- avg GCSE grade above a 5= 34.4%
  • those not eligable= 48.3%
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9
Q

what are the 3 pieces of evidence for working class disadvantage in the media?

A
  1. price
  2. jones
  3. milliband (marxist)
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10
Q

1- Price

working class disadvantage- in the media

A
  • developed the concept of ‘poverty porn’ to describe programmes being exploited by the media for shock and entertainment purposes.
  • encourages underclass to be condemned by the hard working middle and upper classes.
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11
Q

2- Jones

working class disadvantage- in the media

A
  • discusses the use of the word ‘chav’- become a way of describing
  • developed the concept of ‘chavtainment’ to portray under class in a negative light
  • changed views of the working class from being described as ‘salt of the earth’ to ‘scum of the earth’
  • e.g. little britain, skins, fresh meat.
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12
Q

3- Milliband (marxist)

working class disadvantage- in the media

A
  • states that media is the new ‘opium of the people’
  • distracts us from the working class masses and struggles in the capitalist society
  • media is a short form of content which is endless.
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13
Q

what are the 3 pieces of evidence for working class disadvantage in in relation to crime?

A
  1. Walmsley et al
  2. coles
  3. harding
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14
Q

1- walmsley et al

working class disadvantage- in the media

A

41% of prisoners are from the lowest social classes. but only 19% of the overall population

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15
Q

2- coles

working class disadvantage- in relation to crume

A

found that if you are poor, you are more likely to commit a crime

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16
Q

3- Harding

working class disadvantage- in relation to crime

A
  • metaphor of ‘the street casinos’ about working class playing a game that is addictive and like gambling
  • study in lambeth london on gangs
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17
Q

what are the 3 pieces of evidence to show elderly disadvantage within the workplace?

A
  1. the national pensioners convention
  2. barrow and norris
  3. Johnson
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18
Q

the national pensioners convention

elderly disadvantage in the workplace

A
  • 1 in 5 older people live below the poverty line
  • majority of these are females living alone
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19
Q

barron & norris

elderly disadvantage in the workplace

A
  • suggests that the elderly are more likely to be found in the secondary labour market
  • this is defined by low pay, low status, no benifits.
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20
Q

Johnson

elderly disadvantage in the workplace

A
  • suggested that agesim occurs in the workplace
  • it is expressed through stereotypical assumptions of ones ability of a job due to theur age
  • the older you get, the harder it is to get a job.
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21
Q

what are the 3 pieces of evidence to suggest elderly disadvantage in health?

A
  1. greengross
  2. the royal college of surgeons & age uk
  3. human rights watch
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22
Q

greengross

elderly disadvantage in health

A
  • argues that the NHS is guilty of institutional ageism because older patients are treated differently
  • e.g. young people have clear care plans linked with family, elderly are offered ‘end of life plans’
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23
Q

human rights watch

elderly disadvantage in health

A
  • assessors appear not to understand their disabilities and social needs.
  • social care assessments often have a significant impact on older peoples health, wellbeing & independence
  • because they are the gateway to services
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24
Q

The royal college of surgeons & age uk (2014)

elderly disadvantage in health

A
  • in some areas of the uk- no one over the age of 75 is offered crucial surgery for breast or bowel cancer and hip or knee replacements.
  • despite legalisation making this illegal.
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25
Q

what are the 2 pieces of evidence that suggest elderly disadvantage in crime?

A
  1. age uk (2015)
  2. financial times (2015)
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26
Q

Age UK (2015)

elderly disadvantage in crime

A
  • of those targeted of fraud scams, the financial loss for older victims was likely to be 2x as much than a younger age group
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27
Q

Financial times (2015)

elderly disadvatage in crime

A
  • the number of 60+ in jail topped 4,000- more than double last years
  • the number of inmates with dementia has risen
  • cases of diabetes and hypertension has risen.
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28
Q

what are the 3 pieces of evidence for disadvantages for elderly in the media?

A
  1. carrigan and szmigin
  2. digital generational gap
  3. Landis
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29
Q

Landis

elderly disadvantage in the media

A
  • the number of stereotypes in representations of older people
  • they were depicted as ‘one-dimentional’
  • grumpy old man, depressed/lonely, having wisdom, mentally deficient…
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30
Q

digital generational gap

elderly disadvantage in the media

A
  • causes problems with employment
  • older ppl are less comfortable using technology than the young
  • feel unable to cope with the changes e.g. paperless banking & social media
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31
Q

carrigan and szmigin

elderly disadvantage in the media

A
  • state that older people are ignored in the media advertisement- steretyped
  • presented as ‘smelly & incompitent’
  • seen as dependent on others
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32
Q

what are the 3 pieces of evidence suggesting youth disadvantage in the workplace?

A
  1. BBC three (2020)
  2. Ritzer
  3. the equality trust
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33
Q

BBC three (2020)

youth disadvantage in the workplace

A
  • under 25s are treated much more harshly in the benifits system
  • they dont get the same level of support as people over 25
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34
Q

Ritzer

youth disadvantage in the workplace

A
  • young people are often on 0 hor contracts
    & in McJobs (unsimulating, low-wage) e.g. the service industry.
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35
Q

the equality trust

youth disadvantage in the workplace

A

young people have been in a bad situation for the past decade with increasing rental, housing & accomidation costs.

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36
Q

what are the 2 pieces of evidence to suggest youth disadvantage in health

A
  1. youngpeopleshealth .org.uk
  2. the guardian
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37
Q

youngpeopleshealth .org.uk

youth disadvantage in health

A
  • 75% of MH issues start before 24
  • in 2014 19.1% children in yr 6 were obese
  • in 2014 41,921 young people 10-24 were admitted to hospital for SH
38
Q

the guardian (2019)

youth disadvantage in health

A
  • by 2037, we will go from 6.5 million family carers to 9 million due to our ageing population.
  • young people may soon find being asked to care for parents unpaid- may impact MH
39
Q

what are the 2 pieces of evidence for youth disadvantage in crime

A
  1. harding
  2. jacobson
40
Q

Harding

youth disadvantage in crime

A
  • working class youths in london face deprivation & turn to crime for income
  • harding calls it ‘street casino’ as they gamble their lives
  • street capital is gained with commiting acts of deviance.
41
Q

Jacobson

youth disadvantage in crime

A

found that children & youths in custody-
* 3/4 have absent fathers,
* half are runaways
* from care homes
* complex backgrounds

42
Q

what are the 3 examples of youth disadvantage for media

A
  1. cohen
  2. women in journalism
  3. Griffin
43
Q

Cohen

youth disadvantage in the media

A
  • discussed negative labelling of youths in media
  • labelled as ‘folk devil’
  • self-fulfilling prophecy where youths ‘live down to their label’
44
Q

Griffin

youth disadvantage in the media

A

states that youths are labelled by media in 3 ways:
- dysfunctional
- suffering a deficit
- deviant

45
Q

women in journalism

youth disadvantage in the media

A

examined how teen boys were presented in national/local newspapers
1. negative language to describe them ‘thugs, scum, ferel, inhumane’
2. few stories showed them in a good light
3. teens were wary of other teens due to these stories.

46
Q

what are the 3 pieces of evidence for female disadvantage in the media

A
  1. tuchman
  2. ferguson
  3. mulvey
47
Q

what are the 3 pieces of evidence in female disadvantage in crime

A
  1. everyday sexism project- laura bates
  2. harding
  3. leonard
48
Q

what are the 3 pieces of evidence for female disadvantage in the workplace

A
  1. the financial times
  2. Adkins
  3. laura bates- everyday sexism project
49
Q

what are the 3 pieces of evidence for female disadvantage in education

A
  1. skelton
  2. colley
  3. kelly
50
Q

ferguson

female disadvantage in the media

A
  • conducted content analysis of womens magazines and counted number of times a topic was covered
  • cult of femininity
  • promotes idea that excellence is achieved through caring for others (marriage and family)
51
Q

Tuchman

female disadvantage in the media

A
  • argued narrow range of roles for women lead to their ‘symbolic annihilation’ in the media
  • media condemns certain social groups e.g. women
52
Q

mulvey

female disadvantage in the media

A
  • notes typical ‘male gaze’
  • women in the media are viewed through the eyes of hetrosexual men
  • women are presented as passive objects of the male gaze
53
Q

Harding

female disadvantage in crime

A
  • studies gangs in souch london
  • girls took on roles as “fixers” - used by males to hide drugs and weapons
  • subject to abuse and sexual harrassment
54
Q

leonard

female disadvantage in crime

A
  • claims that judges label females as ‘doubley devient
  • judge that not only have they broken laws but broken gender roles too- given a harsher punishment
55
Q

everyday sexism project- laura bates

female disadvantage in crime

A

over 2 women a week in the UK are killed by a current/former partner

56
Q

colley

female disadvantage in education

A

argues that subject choices are negatively influenced by…
* perception of gender roles
* subject preferences
* learning environment

57
Q

Kelly

female disadvantage in education

A
  • suggests that science is packaged as a boys subject
  • boys are allowed to dominate the classrooms
  • leads girls to be disengaged
58
Q

skelton

female disadvantage in education

A

suggests that the hidden curriculum (e.g. attitudes to teachers) negatively influences subject choices

59
Q

Adkins

female disadvantage in the workplace

A
  • evidence of horizontal and vertical segregation
  • study on themeparks
  • males worked as ride operators and women worked in catering ect…
  • women faced regular sexual harrassment
60
Q

The Financial Times

female disadvantage in the workplace

A
  • current gender pay gap suggests that if both a woman and man in the same level job worked for 1 calender year: a woman would be working for free from november
  • biggest pay gap is in financial & insurance sector
61
Q

Laura Bates- everyday sexism project

female disadvantage in the workplace

A
  • in parliment- men outnumber women by 4 to 1
  • only 18/108 high court judges are female
62
Q

what are the 3 pieces of evidence of male disadvantage in the workplace?

A
  1. Dermott
  2. Farrell
  3. Benatar
63
Q

dermott

male disadvantage in the workplace

A

men work longer hours than women, regardless of their status as fathers.

64
Q

Farrell

male disadvantage in the workplace

A
  • the ‘glass cellar’ - of the 25 professions ranked lowest, 24 of them are 85%+ male dominated
  • e.g. roofer, welder, sewer maintinance
65
Q

Benatar

male disadvantage in the workplace

A
  • in his book ‘the second sexism’, states that…
  • the least desirable and most dangerous jobs, with the least pay, are dominated by men
66
Q

what are the 3 pieces of evidence of male disadvantage in crime?

A
  1. messerschmitdt
  2. cambell
  3. faludi
67
Q

Messerschmidt

male disadvantage in crime

A

argues that gangs act as a location for ‘doing masculinity’ which has to be ‘accomplished or proven’

68
Q

Cambell

male disadvantage in crime

A
  • by abandoning certain communities, it denies men access to legitimate masculine status through academic success/employment
  • so they turn to violence and antisocial behaviour to express masculinity.
69
Q

Faludi

male disadvantage in crime

A
  • young males commiting criminal acts is not ‘deviant’ at all
  • but an expression of the qualities we admire in males as society: toughness, bravery & strength.
70
Q

what are the 3 pieces of evidence of male disadvantage in the media?

A
  1. sewell
  2. Eastthorpe
  3. REACH- media monitoring project
71
Q

sewell

male disadvantage in the media

A
  • black carribean boys turned to rapper rolemodels in the media due to lacking father figures
  • hypermasculine negative role models lead boys to deviant antischool subcultures
72
Q

eastthorpe

male disadvantage in the media

A
  • hollywood films and computer games
  • transmit the idea that masculinity is based on strength, aggression and violence
  • it is biologically determined and a natural goal for boys to achieve
73
Q

REACH- media monitoring project

male disadvantage in the media

A
  • found that coverage of young black males in the news, often links them to violent crimes
  • creates a negative image of black males
  • provides negative stereotypes
74
Q

what are the 3 pieces of evidence of male disadvantage in education?

A
  1. willis
  2. mitsos and browne
  3. department for education
75
Q

Willis

male disadvantage in education

A
  • working class ‘lads’ are fatastic about their futures becuase they follow their fathers footsteps
  • leading them to low status, basic low pay jobs
  • develop antischool attitudes
76
Q

mitsos and browne

77
Q

department for education

78
Q

what are the 3 pieces of evidence for ethnic minority disadvantage in the workplace?

A
  • GOV.UK
  • wood et al
  • parkin
79
Q

Gov.uk

ethnic minority disadvantage in the workplace

A

ethnic group’s Pakistani and Bangladeshi have the lowest employment rates; being 55%.

80
Q

Parkin

ethnic minority disadvantage in the workplace

A
  • ethnic minorities use social closure to prevent ethnic minorities from reaching positions of authority and status,
  • as a result, they face a concrete ceiling in the workplace.
81
Q

what are the 3 pieces of evidence for ethnic minority disadvantage in education?

A
  • Mirza
  • the department for education
  • Gillborn
82
Q

Mirza

ethnic minority disadvantage in the education

A
  • studied black caribbean gitls and found girls and found they faced institutional racism and negative labelling from teachers
  • although, they resisted this and acheived highly.
83
Q

the department of education

ethnic minority disadvantage in education

A
  • studied gcse results with the “avg attainment 8 score”
  • white british= 46.1%
  • Black carribean= 39.6%
  • white british outperform the carribean
84
Q

Gillborne

ethnic minority disadvantage in education

A
  • argues that black carribean boys face institutional racism at school
  • they are put into lower sets- limiting their success
  • this can narrow future opportunities
85
Q

what are the 3 pieces of evidence for ethnic minority disadvantage in media?

A
  1. Van Dijk
  2. Alexander
  3. children now- fair play
86
Q

van dijk

ethnic minority disadvantage in the media

A
  • content analysis to study representations of ethnic groups
  • found a media stereotype of black people in 5 ways: criminal, abnormal, a threat, unimportant and dependent
  • suggest their cultural practices are abnormal.
87
Q

Alexander

ethnic minority disadvantage in media

A
  • asian youths in london are unfairly targeted by police and media
  • myth of asian gangs where media reported violent crashes between black and asian gangs.
  • asian boys criminalised due to islamaphobia
88
Q

children now- fair play (2001)

ethnic minority disadvantage in media

A
  • ethnic minorities were stereotyped in video games
  • 86% of heros were white
  • 86% of black female characters were presented as victims of violence.
89
Q

what are the 3 pieces of evidence for ethnic minority disadvantage in crime?

A
  1. Hood
  2. social trends survey
  3. the lammy report
90
Q

Hood

ethnic minority disadvantage in crime

A
  • black men were more likely than white men to recieve custodial sentences for offences that have fines and community service
  • proof of institutional racism in the police force
91
Q

The lammy report

ethnic minority disadvantage in crime

A
  • over 40% of black people in custody are from BAME backgrounds
  • BAME men & women make up 25% of prisoners
  • the % of BAME prisoners increased to 41% in 2016
92
Q

social trends survey

ethnic minority disadvantage in crime

A

black people are 7x more likely to be stopped and searched than white people.

sociology paper 2 (11 decks)

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