evidence for inequalities Flashcards
1
Q
what are the 3 pieces of evidence for working class disadvantages in the workplace
A
- the equality trust / the inequality briefing
- Mac an Ghaill
- Willis
2
Q
1- the equality trust
inequality in workplace
A
- 90% of earners average income= £12,969
- top 0.1% average income= £1,000,970
3
Q
Mac an Ghaill
inequality in workplace
A
states that deindustrialisation has led to a ‘crisis of masculinity’amongst working class males- they face unemployment
4
Q
Willis
inequality in workplace
A
- working class males see their futures as working as basic manual labour jobs like their fathers therefore they do not aspire for more.
- this prevents social mobility
5
Q
what are the 3 pieces of evidence for working class disadvantage in education?
A
- bourdieu
- jackson
- the department for education
6
Q
- Bourdieu
working class disadvantage- in education
A
- education system is biased towards the culture of the dominant classes
- main function of education is social reproduction (continuing class divisions)
- education discriminates the working class due to the lack of cultural capital to succeed
- hidden curriculum
7
Q
Jackson
working class disadvantage- in education
A
- working class ladettes adopt anti-school attitudes
- they adopt assertive femininity around smoking and arguing with teachers
- as a result- they are negatively labelled by teachers.
8
Q
The Department For Education
working class disadvantage- in education
A
- those who can get free school meals- avg GCSE grade above a 5= 34.4%
- those not eligable= 48.3%
9
Q
what are the 3 pieces of evidence for working class disadvantage in the media?
A
- price
- jones
- milliband (marxist)
10
Q
1- Price
working class disadvantage- in the media
A
- developed the concept of ‘poverty porn’ to describe programmes being exploited by the media for shock and entertainment purposes.
- encourages underclass to be condemned by the hard working middle and upper classes.
11
Q
2- Jones
working class disadvantage- in the media
A
- discusses the use of the word ‘chav’- become a way of describing
- developed the concept of ‘chavtainment’ to portray under class in a negative light
- changed views of the working class from being described as ‘salt of the earth’ to ‘scum of the earth’
- e.g. little britain, skins, fresh meat.
12
Q
3- Milliband (marxist)
working class disadvantage- in the media
A
- states that media is the new ‘opium of the people’
- distracts us from the working class masses and struggles in the capitalist society
- media is a short form of content which is endless.
13
Q
what are the 3 pieces of evidence for working class disadvantage in in relation to crime?
A
- Walmsley et al
- coles
- harding
14
Q
1- walmsley et al
working class disadvantage- in the media
A
41% of prisoners are from the lowest social classes. but only 19% of the overall population
15
Q
2- coles
working class disadvantage- in relation to crume
A
found that if you are poor, you are more likely to commit a crime
16
Q
3- Harding
working class disadvantage- in relation to crime
A
- metaphor of ‘the street casinos’ about working class playing a game that is addictive and like gambling
- study in lambeth london on gangs
17
Q
what are the 3 pieces of evidence to show elderly disadvantage within the workplace?
A
- the national pensioners convention
- barrow and norris
- Johnson
18
Q
the national pensioners convention
elderly disadvantage in the workplace
A
- 1 in 5 older people live below the poverty line
- majority of these are females living alone
19
Q
barron & norris
elderly disadvantage in the workplace
A
- suggests that the elderly are more likely to be found in the secondary labour market
- this is defined by low pay, low status, no benifits.
20
Q
Johnson
elderly disadvantage in the workplace
A
- suggested that agesim occurs in the workplace
- it is expressed through stereotypical assumptions of ones ability of a job due to theur age
- the older you get, the harder it is to get a job.
21
Q
what are the 3 pieces of evidence to suggest elderly disadvantage in health?
A
- greengross
- the royal college of surgeons & age uk
- human rights watch
22
Q
greengross
elderly disadvantage in health
A
- argues that the NHS is guilty of institutional ageism because older patients are treated differently
- e.g. young people have clear care plans linked with family, elderly are offered ‘end of life plans’
23
Q
human rights watch
elderly disadvantage in health
A
- assessors appear not to understand their disabilities and social needs.
- social care assessments often have a significant impact on older peoples health, wellbeing & independence
- because they are the gateway to services
24
Q
The royal college of surgeons & age uk (2014)
elderly disadvantage in health
A
- in some areas of the uk- no one over the age of 75 is offered crucial surgery for breast or bowel cancer and hip or knee replacements.
- despite legalisation making this illegal.
25
what are the 2 pieces of evidence that suggest elderly disadvantage in crime?
1. age uk (2015)
2. financial times (2015)
26
Age UK (2015)
| elderly disadvantage in crime
* of those targeted of fraud scams, the financial loss for older victims was likely to be 2x as much than a younger age group
27
Financial times (2015)
| elderly disadvatage in crime
* the number of 60+ in jail topped 4,000- more than double last years
* the number of inmates with dementia has risen
* cases of diabetes and hypertension has risen.
28
what are the 3 pieces of evidence for disadvantages for elderly in the media?
1. carrigan and szmigin
2. digital generational gap
3. Landis
29
Landis
| elderly disadvantage in the media
* the number of stereotypes in representations of older people
* they were depicted as 'one-dimentional'
* grumpy old man, depressed/lonely, having wisdom, mentally deficient...
30
digital generational gap
| elderly disadvantage in the media
* causes problems with employment
* older ppl are less comfortable using technology than the young
* feel unable to cope with the changes e.g. paperless banking & social media
31
carrigan and szmigin
| elderly disadvantage in the media
* state that **older people are ignored in the media advertisement**- steretyped
* presented as 'smelly & incompitent'
* seen as dependent on others
32
what are the 3 pieces of evidence suggesting youth disadvantage in the workplace?
1. BBC three (2020)
2. Ritzer
3. the equality trust
33
BBC three (2020)
| youth disadvantage in the workplace
* under 25s are treated much more **harshly in the benifits system**
* they dont get the same level of support as people over 25
34
Ritzer
| youth disadvantage in the workplace
* young people are often on 0 hor contracts
& in McJobs (unsimulating, low-wage) e.g. the service industry.
35
the equality trust
| youth disadvantage in the workplace
young people have been in a bad situation for the past decade with increasing rental, housing & accomidation costs.
36
what are the 2 pieces of evidence to suggest youth disadvantage in health
1. youngpeopleshealth .org.uk
2. the guardian
37
youngpeopleshealth .org.uk
| youth disadvantage in health
* 75% of MH issues start before 24
* in 2014 19.1% children in yr 6 were obese
* in 2014 41,921 young people 10-24 were admitted to hospital for SH
38
the guardian (2019)
| youth disadvantage in health
* by 2037, we will go from 6.5 million family carers to 9 million due to our ageing population.
* young people may soon find being asked to care for parents unpaid- may impact MH
39
what are the 2 pieces of evidence for youth disadvantage in crime
1. harding
2. jacobson
40
Harding
| youth disadvantage in crime
* working class youths in london face deprivation & turn to crime for income
* harding calls it 'street casino' as they gamble their lives
* street capital is gained with commiting acts of deviance.
41
Jacobson
| youth disadvantage in crime
found that children & youths in custody-
* 3/4 have absent fathers,
* half are runaways
* from care homes
* complex backgrounds
42
what are the 3 examples of youth disadvantage for media
1. cohen
2. women in journalism
3. Griffin
43
Cohen
| youth disadvantage in the media
* discussed negative labelling of youths in media
* labelled as 'folk devil'
* self-fulfilling prophecy where youths 'live down to their label'
44
Griffin
| youth disadvantage in the media
states that youths are labelled by media in 3 ways:
- dysfunctional
- suffering a deficit
- deviant
45
women in journalism
| youth disadvantage in the media
examined how teen boys were presented in national/local newspapers
1. negative language to describe them 'thugs, scum, ferel, inhumane'
2. few stories showed them in a good light
3. teens were wary of other teens due to these stories.
46
what are the 3 pieces of evidence for female disadvantage in the media
1. tuchman
2. ferguson
3. mulvey
47
what are the 3 pieces of evidence in female disadvantage in crime
1. everyday sexism project- laura bates
2. harding
3. leonard
48
what are the 3 pieces of evidence for female disadvantage in the workplace
1. the financial times
2. Adkins
3. laura bates- everyday sexism project
49
what are the 3 pieces of evidence for female disadvantage in education
1. skelton
2. colley
3. kelly
50
ferguson
| female disadvantage in the media
* conducted content analysis of womens magazines and counted number of times a topic was covered
* **cult of femininity**
* promotes idea that excellence is achieved through caring for others (marriage and family)
51
Tuchman
| female disadvantage in the media
* argued narrow range of roles for women lead to their 'symbolic annihilation' in the media
* media condemns certain social groups e.g. women
52
mulvey
| female disadvantage in the media
* notes typical 'male gaze'
* women in the media are viewed through the eyes of hetrosexual men
* women are presented as passive objects of the male gaze
53
Harding
| female disadvantage in crime
* studies gangs in souch london
* girls took on roles as "fixers" - used by males to hide drugs and weapons
* subject to abuse and sexual harrassment
54
leonard
| female disadvantage in crime
* claims that judges label females as 'doubley devient
* judge that not only have they broken laws but broken gender roles too- given a harsher punishment
55
everyday sexism project- laura bates
| female disadvantage in crime
over 2 women a week in the UK are killed by a current/former partner
56
colley
| female disadvantage in education
argues that subject choices are negatively influenced by...
* perception of gender roles
* subject preferences
* learning environment
57
Kelly
| female disadvantage in education
* suggests that science is packaged as a boys subject
* boys are allowed to dominate the classrooms
* leads girls to be disengaged
58
skelton
| female disadvantage in education
suggests that the **hidden curriculum** (e.g. attitudes to teachers) negatively influences subject choices
59
Adkins
| female disadvantage in the workplace
* evidence of horizontal and vertical segregation
* study on themeparks
* males worked as ride operators and women worked in catering ect...
* women faced regular sexual harrassment
60
The Financial Times
| female disadvantage in the workplace
* current gender pay gap suggests that if both a woman and man in the same level job worked for 1 calender year: a woman would be working for free from november
* biggest pay gap is in financial & insurance sector
61
Laura Bates- everyday sexism project
| female disadvantage in the workplace
* in parliment- men outnumber women by 4 to 1
* only 18/108 high court judges are female
62
what are the 3 pieces of evidence of male disadvantage in the workplace?
1. Dermott
2. Farrell
3. Benatar
63
dermott
| male disadvantage in the workplace
men work longer hours than women, regardless of their status as fathers.
64
Farrell
| male disadvantage in the workplace
* the 'glass cellar' - of the 25 professions ranked lowest, 24 of them are 85%+ male dominated
* e.g. roofer, welder, sewer maintinance
65
Benatar
| male disadvantage in the workplace
* in his book 'the second sexism', states that...
* **the least desirable and most dangerous jobs, with the least pay, are dominated by men**
66
what are the 3 pieces of evidence of male disadvantage in crime?
1. messerschmitdt
2. cambell
3. faludi
67
Messerschmidt
| male disadvantage in crime
argues that gangs act as a location for 'doing masculinity' which has to be **'accomplished or proven'**
68
Cambell
| male disadvantage in crime
* by abandoning certain communities, it denies men access to legitimate masculine status through academic success/employment
* so they **turn to violence and antisocial behaviour to express masculinity**.
69
Faludi
| male disadvantage in crime
* young males commiting criminal acts is not 'deviant' at all
* but an **expression of the qualities we admire in males** as society: toughness, bravery & strength.
70
what are the 3 pieces of evidence of male disadvantage in the media?
1. sewell
2. Eastthorpe
3. REACH- media monitoring project
71
sewell
| male disadvantage in the media
* black carribean boys turned to rapper rolemodels in the media due to lacking father figures
* hypermasculine negative role models lead boys to **deviant antischool subcultures**
72
eastthorpe
| male disadvantage in the media
* hollywood films and computer games
* transmit the idea that masculinity is based on strength, aggression and violence
* it is biologically determined and a natural goal for boys to achieve
73
REACH- media monitoring project
| male disadvantage in the media
* found that coverage of young black males in the news, often links them to violent crimes
* creates a negative image of black males
* provides negative stereotypes
74
what are the 3 pieces of evidence of male disadvantage in education?
1. willis
2. mitsos and browne
3. department for education
75
Willis
| male disadvantage in education
* working class 'lads' are fatastic about their futures becuase they follow their fathers footsteps
* leading them to low status, basic low pay jobs
* develop antischool attitudes
76
mitsos and browne
77
department for education
78
what are the 3 pieces of evidence for ethnic minority disadvantage in the **workplace**?
* GOV.UK
* wood et al
* parkin
79
Gov.uk
| ethnic minority disadvantage in the workplace
ethnic group’s Pakistani and Bangladeshi have the lowest employment rates; being 55%.
80
Parkin
| ethnic minority disadvantage in the workplace
* ethnic minorities use social closure to prevent ethnic minorities from reaching positions of authority and status,
* as a result, they face a concrete ceiling in the workplace.
81
what are the 3 pieces of evidence for ethnic minority disadvantage in **education**?
* Mirza
* the department for education
* Gillborn
82
Mirza
| ethnic minority disadvantage in the education
* studied black caribbean gitls and found girls and found they faced institutional racism and negative labelling from teachers
* although, they resisted this and acheived highly.
83
the department of education
| ethnic minority disadvantage in education
* studied gcse results with the "avg attainment 8 score"
* white british= 46.1%
* Black carribean= 39.6%
* white british outperform the carribean
84
Gillborne
| ethnic minority disadvantage in education
* argues that black carribean boys face institutional racism at school
* they are put into lower sets- limiting their success
* this can narrow future opportunities
85
what are the 3 pieces of evidence for ethnic minority disadvantage in **media**?
1. Van Dijk
2. Alexander
3. children now- fair play
86
van dijk
| ethnic minority disadvantage in the media
* content analysis to study representations of ethnic groups
* found a media stereotype of black people in 5 ways: criminal, abnormal, a threat, unimportant and dependent
* suggest their cultural practices are abnormal.
87
Alexander
| ethnic minority disadvantage in media
* asian youths in london are unfairly targeted by police and media
* myth of asian gangs where media reported violent crashes between black and asian gangs.
* asian boys criminalised due to islamaphobia
88
children now- fair play (2001)
| ethnic minority disadvantage in media
* ethnic minorities were stereotyped in video games
* 86% of heros were white
* 86% of black female characters were presented as victims of violence.
89
what are the 3 pieces of evidence for ethnic minority disadvantage in **crime**?
1. Hood
2. social trends survey
3. the lammy report
90
Hood
| ethnic minority disadvantage in crime
* black men were more likely than white men to recieve custodial sentences for offences that have fines and community service
* proof of institutional racism in the police force
91
The lammy report
| ethnic minority disadvantage in crime
* over 40% of black people in custody are from BAME backgrounds
* BAME men & women make up 25% of prisoners
* the % of BAME prisoners increased to 41% in 2016
92
social trends survey
| ethnic minority disadvantage in crime
black people are 7x more likely to be stopped and searched than white people.
