GENDER INEQUALITY Flashcards
What are the 4 explanations + sociologists for gender inequalities
functionalism
- Gender inequality is the result of biological differences (Murdock)
- Gender inequalities are the result of socialised roles which are necessary for society. (Parson)
- Womens expressive role crucial for primary socialisation and personality stabilisation. (Parsons and Bale)
- Gender inequality in work are inevitable (Rastogi)
who supports the explaination of: gender equality is the result of biological differences. + their ideas
functionalist ideas
MURDOCK
* Men and women have social roles- which lead to differences in societal outcomes
* Have been socially constructed and reinforced
* This has stemmed from biological differences.
who supports the explaination that: gender inequalities are the result of socialised roles which are necessary for society. + their ideas
functionalist ideas
PARSONS
* Gender inequalities are not really inequalities are simply due to correct gender roles men and women are socialised into.
* Females are socialised into expressive roles, males into instrumental.
* He saw these differences as innate.
who supports the explaination that: Womens expressive role crucial for primary socialisation and personality stabilisation. + their ideas
functionalist ideas
PARSONS AND BALE
* Women have a crucial role for women in the family- key figure in providing primary socialisation.
* Women provide personality stabilisation.
* Women are not present in certain sectors of social life which lead to things such as individual wealth, power and authority.
who supports the idea that: gender inequality in work are inevitable. + their ideas
functionalist ideas
RASTOGI
* Direct criticism of feminism
* Suggests that the human capital theory references to the wage gap
* The wage gap and employment issues can be explained by the amount of human capital in a group.
what are the 4 points for marxist theory of gender inequality + sociologist
- women must be submissive wives to ensure a pure bloodline- Engels
- men need to exersise their control in the home if they do not have control of other areas in their life (zaretsky)
- women do unpaid labour in the home and this is essential to the smooth running of capitalism (Benston)
- women act as disposable and cheap part of the workforce which benifits a capitalist society (Bruegel)
who supports the explaination: women must besubmissive to wives to ensure a pure bloodline + their ideas
marxist ideas
ENGLES
* a womans subordinate position is a result of the ownership of private property and the development of nuclear families.
* the exploitation in the workplace was reflected in the home and within relationships.
* ruling class men were required to gain control over women so they could pass down wealth to biological offspring
* the nuclear family restricted womens sexuality and enforced monogamy.
* SUPPORT WITH ANSLEY- women are the ‘takers of shit’
who supports the explaination: women do unpaid labour in the home and this is essential to the smooth running of capitalism + their ideas
marxist ideas
BENSTON
* the unpaid domestic labour of women helps support the capitalist system
* women renew men’s ability to go out and work and create profits for the ruling class
* e.g. cooking, cleaning and caring for children
* women also socialise children, reproducing the next generation of workers at no cost to capitalist employers
* if a man has to provide for his family, he is less likely to challenge capitalism.
who supports the explaination: women act as a disposable and cheap part of the workforce which benifits a capitalist society + their ideas
marxist ideas
Bruegel
* argues that because of womens unpaid labour, they are readily available to work outside of the home when society requires them to do so
* ruling class use women for when they are needed during econcomic booms
* then send them back to full time housewife when not required
* highlights how the family is central to womens opression
* they are prepared to work for** less money** as their wage is a second income.
what are the 3 pieces of evidence for female disadvantage in the media
- tuchman
- ferguson
- mulvey
what are the 3 pieces of evidence in female disadvantage in crime
- everyday sexism project- laura bates
- harding
- leonard
what are the 3 pieces of evidence for female disadvantage in the workplace
- the financial times
- Adkins
- laura bates- everyday sexism project
what are the 3 pieces of evidence for female disadvantage in education
- skelton
- colley
- kelly
ferguson
female disadvantage in the media
- conducted content analysis of womens magazines and counted number of times a topic was covered
- cult of femininity
- promotes idea that excellence is achieved through caring for others (marriage and family)
Tuchman
female disadvantage in the media
- argued narrow range of roles for women lead to their ‘symbolic annihilation’ in the media
- media condemns certain social groups e.g. women
mulvey
female disadvantage in the media
- notes typical ‘male gaze’
- women in the media are viewed through the eyes of hetrosexual men
- women are presented as passive objects of the male gaze
Harding
female disadvantage in crime
- studies gangs in souch london
- girls took on roles as “fixers” - used by males to hide drugs and weapons
- subject to abuse and sexual harrassment
leonard
female disadvantage in crime
- claims that judges label females as ‘doubley devient
- judge that not only have they broken laws but broken gender roles too- given a harsher punishment
everyday sexism project- laura bates
female disadvantage in crime
over 2 women a week in the UK are killed by a current/former partner
colley
female disadvantage in education
argues that subject choices are negatively influenced by…
* perception of gender roles
* subject preferences
* learning environment
Kelly
female disadvantage in education
- suggests that science is packaged as a boys subject
- boys are allowed to dominate the classrooms
- leads girls to be disengaged
skelton
female disadvantage in education
suggests that the hidden curriculum (e.g. attitudes to teachers) negatively influences subject choices
Adkins
female disadvantage in the workplace
- evidence of horizontal and vertical segregation
- study on themeparks
- males worked as ride operators and women worked in catering ect…
- women faced regular sexual harrassment
The Financial Times
female disadvantage in the workplace
- current gender pay gap suggests that if both a woman and man in the same level job worked for 1 calender year: a woman would be working for free from november
- biggest pay gap is in financial & insurance sector
Laura Bates- everyday sexism project
female disadvantage in the workplace
- in parliment- men outnumber women by 4 to 1
- only 18/108 high court judges are female
what are the 3 pieces of evidence of male disadvantage in the workplace?
- Dermott
- Farrell
- Benatar
dermott
male disadvantage in the workplace
men work longer hours than women, regardless of their status as fathers.
Farrell
male disadvantage in the workplace
- the ‘glass cellar’ - of the 25 professions ranked lowest, 24 of them are 85%+ male dominated
- e.g. roofer, welder, sewer maintinance
Benatar
male disadvantage in the workplace
- in his book ‘the second sexism’, states that…
- the least desirable and most dangerous jobs, with the least pay, are dominated by men
what are the 3 pieces of evidence of male disadvantage in crime?
- messerschmitdt
- cambell
- faludi
Messerschmidt
male disadvantage in crime
argues that gangs act as a location for ‘doing masculinity’ which has to be ‘accomplished or proven’
Cambell
male disadvantage in crime
- by abandoning certain communities, it denies men access to legitimate masculine status through academic success/employment
- so they turn to violence and antisocial behaviour to express masculinity.
Faludi
male disadvantage in crime
- young males commiting criminal acts is not ‘deviant’ at all
- but an expression of the qualities we admire in males as society: toughness, bravery & strength.
what are the 3 pieces of evidence of male disadvantage in the media?
- sewell
- Eastthorpe
- REACH- media monitoring project
sewell
male disadvantage in the media
- black carribean boys turned to rapper rolemodels in the media due to lacking father figures
- hypermasculine negative role models lead boys to deviant antischool subcultures
eastthorpe
male disadvantage in the media
- hollywood films and computer games
- transmit the idea that masculinity is based on strength, aggression and violence
- it is biologically determined and a natural goal for boys to achieve
REACH- media monitoring project
male disadvantage in the media
- found that coverage of young black males in the news, often links them to violent crimes
- creates a negative image of black males
- provides negative stereotypes
what are the 3 pieces of evidence of male disadvantage in education?
- willis
- mitsos and browne
- department for education
Willis
male disadvantage in education
- working class ‘lads’ are fatastic about their futures becuase they follow their fathers footsteps
- leading them to low status, basic low pay jobs
- develop antischool attitudes
mitsos and browne
department for education
what are the 5 feminist explainations for gender inequality + the sociologist
- sexual harrassment in the workplace is the cause of gender inequality (ADKINS)
- violence that is a result of patriarchal traditions of mens right to control ‘their’ women (johnston & the world health organisation)
- socialisation into gender roles creates gender inequality (oakley)
- discrimination prevents women from having equal opportunities (mcrobbie)
- not all women share ther same experience of inequality- shifted from private to public (walby)
who supports the explaination ‘sexual harrassment in the workplace is the cause of gender inequality’ + thier ideas
feminism
ADKINS
* the labour market had a gendered character- jobs for men and women
* did research in pubs, bars and theme parks
* vertical segregation
* companies gain cheap labour from women as ‘sexual attractions’
* horizontal segregation
* reproduces patriarchal relationships
who supports the explaination ‘violence that is a result of patriarchal traditions of mens right to control ‘their’ women’ + their ideas
feminism
JOHNSTON
* * patriarchal terrism- explain systematic use of violence as a result of patriarchal traditions and rights to control women
* men use patrarchal ideology to enforce compulsary hetrosexuality as a way to maintain control
WORLD HEALTH ORGANISATION
* 2013- evidence of women reporting physical/sexual abuse from a partner=30% globally
who supports the explaination ‘socialisation into gender roles creates gender inequality’ + their ideas
feminism
OAKLEY
* 4 process of socialisation that deomonstrate patriarchy and socialisation leads to gender inequality
1. different activities- daughters have different cultural expectations of roles
2. canilisation- directing childs interest in gendered toys
3. manipulation- engouraging gender apropriate play
4. verbal appelations
who supports the idea that ‘discrimination prevents women from having equal opportunities’ + their ideas
feminism
MCROBBIE
* womens postiion in society was structurally different from a mans
* cult of femininity
* bedroom culture
who supports the idea that ‘not all women share ther same experience of inequality- shifted from private to public’ + their ideas
feminism
WALBY
triple systems of opression- other forms of inequality impacting
what are the 4 new right explainations for gender inequality + the sociologists
- single mothers are unable to socialise their children into shared values (murray)
- matriarchal households encourage criminal behaviour (dennis & erdos)
- women are genetically designed to be caregivers and should feel privilaged to have this role (schlaffy)
- a womens role in the family is vital to a smooth running society (thatcher)
who supports the idea that ‘single mothers are unable to socialise their children into shared values’ + their ideas
new right
MURRAY
* differences in gender experiences are as a result of biological and innate differences
* rising birthrates outside marriage, crime and youth unemployment were signs of irresponsable attitudes in the underclass
* advocates nuclear family
* its functional for women to fulfil the housewife role
* blames single mother households
who supports the explaination that ‘matriarchal households encourage criminal behaviour’ + their ideas
new right
DENNIS AND ERDOS
* argue that matriarchal backgrounds undermine traditional family structures
* these priotitise male authority in two-parent families
* the fatherless and decline in paternal involvement, negatively impacts boys development development
* single mother households cause issues such as…. weakened role of men, impact on children, socil and moral decline
who supports the explaination that ‘women are genetically designed to be caregivers and should feel privilaged to have this role’ + their ideas
new right
SCHLAFFY
* women should not feel the need to go to work
* being a mother and a wife should be the most fulfiling role they will ever perform in life
* +the quote
who supports the explaination that ‘a womens role in the family is vital to a smooth running society’ + their ideas
new right
THATCHER (not a key thinker but similar ideas)
* emphasis of family being the bedrock of society, nuclear family is functional to society
* policies did not focus on advancing gender inequalities
what are the 4 webarian explainations for gender inequality
- women are more likely to face lower class positions than males due to social closure (weber)
- women are more likely to hold lower positions within the marketplace (barran and norris)
- women hold less status within the labour market and therefore face a range of inequalities (equal opportunities commission)
- women are less likely than men to be in a position whereby they can exersise political power (electoral commission)
who supports the explaination that ‘women are more likely to face lower class positions than males due to social closure’ + their ideas
webarian
WEBER
* social closure is applied to gender inequality- social class position
* weber doesnt explicitly discuss position of women but adknowledges a range of characteristics to impact someones social class position
* the labour market is dominated my males in ‘top jobs’
* men reserve and protect these positions to exclude women
who supports the explaination that ‘women are more likely to hold lower positions within the marketplace’ + their ideas
webarian
BARRON AND NORRIS
theres a dual labour market that can be used to explain womens employment patterns.
women are more likely to be found in a disadvantaged postion because…
1. employees hold a stereotypical beliefs about the ‘unsuitability’ of women
2. women are likely to experience disrupted career development due to maternaty leave
3. social pressure to have a family- gives them less opportunity
4. the legal & political framework supporting womens rights in workplace is weak
who supports the explaination that ‘women hold less status within the labour market and therefore face a range of inequalities’ + their ideas
webarian
EQUAL OPPORTUNITIES COMMISSION
identified key explainations for continued presence of horizontal segregation
1. individual differences
2. career choices based on perception of careers
3. discrimination by employers
4. barriers with organisers
* women are seen to have a lower status in the labour market and face a glass ceiling
* concept of glass elevator (men rise higher & faster)
* men have ‘hidden advantages’
who supports the explaination that ‘women are less likely than men to be in a position whereby they can exersise political power’ + their ideas
webarian
ELECTORAL COMMISSION
evidence to suggest that women tend to participate less than men in groups that exert pressure & power in society “political activism gap”
* those in paid employment are more likely to be politically active
* gap is significant amongst those with children
* age & ethnicity also have different effects on men and womens levels of activism
