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Science > Waves and Lenses - Physics Paper 2 > Flashcards

Waves and Lenses - Physics Paper 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a wave?

A

An oscillation that transfers energy without transferring any matter

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2
Q

What is an oscillation?

A

A vibration

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3
Q

What is a transverse wave?

A

Waves that oscillate 90 degrees to the direction of energy transfer of the wave

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4
Q

What are some examples of transverse waves?

A

light , EM waves, ripples on water and waves on strings or springs when they are wiggled up and down

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5
Q

What is a longitudinal wave?

A

A wave that oscillates parallel to the direction of energy transfer of the wave

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6
Q

What are examples of longitudinal waves?

A

sound waves

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7
Q

Do waves transfer matter?

A

No, only energy

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8
Q

What is the rest position of a wave?

A

the undisturbed position of particles or fields when they are not vibrating

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9
Q

What is a wave’s displacement?

A

the distance that a certain point in the medium has moved from its rest position

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10
Q

What is the peak or the crest of a wave?

A

the highest point above the wave’s rest position

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11
Q

What is the trough of a wave?

A

the lowest point below the wave’s rest position

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12
Q

What is the amplitude?

A

the maximum displacement of a point on a wave from its rest position

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13
Q

What is the wavelength of a wave?

A

the distance between the same point on 2 adjacent waves

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14
Q

What is the wavelength of a transverse wave?

A

the distance between the crest of one wave and the crest of the next wave

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15
Q

What is the frequency of a wave?

A

the number of waves passing a point each second

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16
Q

What is frequency measured in ?

A

Hz

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17
Q

What is the period of a wave?

A

The amount of time it takes for a full cycle of the wave to be completed

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18
Q

What are the units for a period?

A

Seconds

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19
Q

What is the equation for calculating the period?

A

period = 1 / frequency

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20
Q

What is the wave speed?

A

The speed at which a wave is moving and energy is being transferred

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21
Q

What is the equation for wave speed?

A

wave speed = frequency X wavelength

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22
Q

What are the units for wavespeed?

A

m/s

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23
Q

What are the units for wavelenght?

A

Metres

24
Q

What 3 things can happen when a wave meets a boundary?

A

A wave can be absorbed, reflected, or transmitted

25
Q

What happens if a wave hits a boundary at an angle?

A

It’s refracted

26
Q

What is the normal?

A

A straight line that is at 90 degrees to the boundary

27
Q

What happens if a ray travels along the normal and hits the boundary at 90 degrees?

A

The ray will pass through the boundary without changing direction and the angles of incidence and refraction will both be 0 degrees

28
Q

What is the optical density of a material?

A

A measure of how quickly light travels through a material

29
Q

The higher the optical density….

A

the slower light travels

30
Q

What is the refractive index?

A

A measure of a material’s optical density

31
Q

The bigger the refractive index…

A

the more optically dense a material is.

32
Q

What are wavEfronts?

A

Imaginary lines drawn through certain points on waves. They’ re perpendicular to the direction in which the wave is moving

33
Q

What happens if a wave slows down at a boundary?

A

It bends towards the normal

34
Q

What happens if a wave speeds up at a boundary?

A

It bends away from the normal

35
Q

What happens if a wave enters a more optically dense material?

A

The wave moves more slowly in the new material and bends towards the normal. The angle of refraction will be smaller than the angle of incidence.

36
Q

What happens if a wave enters a less optically dense material?

A

The wave moves faster in the new material and bends away from the normal. The angle of refraction will be greater than the angle of incidence.

37
Q

What does the law of reflection state?

A

That the angle of incidence = the angle of reflection

38
Q

What are the different types of reflection?

A

Specular and diffuse

39
Q

What is specular reflection?

A

Where parallel lines are reflected in a single direction by a smooth surface

40
Q

What is diffuse reflection?

A

Where parallel lines are reflected by a rough surface and the reflected rays are scattered in lots of different directions

41
Q

Why is the angle of incidence different for each ray in diffuse reflection?

A

Because the tiny bumps on the surface mean that the normal for each ray is different. Therefore, the angle of incidence is different for each ray.

42
Q

What is the EM spectrum?

A

a continuous spectrum of all the possible wavelengths of EM waves

43
Q

Are EM waves transverse or longitudinal?

A

Transverse

44
Q

What are all the EM waves in order of increasing frequency?

A

Radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, gamma rays

45
Q

What is the speed of EM waves in a vacuum?

A

3 X 10^8 m/s

46
Q

What do longitudinal waves require to travel in?

A

A medium

47
Q

What is the human hearing range?

A

20Hz to 20,000 Hz

48
Q

Does the frequency change when a wave changes medium?

A

No

49
Q

high frequency sound has what pitch/

A

A high pitch

50
Q

the higher the amplitude…

A

the louder the sound

51
Q

sound waves can only move through what?

A

A medium as they need to vibrate

52
Q

what is a reflected sound wave called?

A

An echo

53
Q

crust…

A

mantle, outer core, inner core

54
Q

Why does an earthquake happen?

A

due to the sudden movement between the tectonic plates in the earth’s crust. seismic waves carry energy away from the earthquake , which pass through the earth

55
Q

what are the 2 types of seismic waves?

A

p waves and s waves

56
Q

What type of waves are p waves?

A

p waves are longitudinal waves

57
Q

What type of waves are s waves?

A

s waves are transverse waves

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