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Science > Using resources - Chemistry Paper 2 > Flashcards

Using resources - Chemistry Paper 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is potable water?

A

Water that is safe to drink

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2
Q

Why isn’t potable water pure?

A

Because it contains other dissolved substances too - not just water

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3
Q

What is the pH of potable water?

A

between 6.5 and 7.5

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4
Q

Where does most potable water in the Uk come from?

A

Fresh water sources e.g lakes, rivers, reservoirs, aquifers

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5
Q

What are aquifers?

A

Rocks that trap water underground

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6
Q

What are the processes of treating fresh water?

A

Filtration which involves passing the water through filter beds to remove insoluble particles. And, sterilisation, which involves killing harmful bacteria or microbes in the water

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7
Q

How is fresh water sterilised?

A

Using chlorine, ozone, or ultraviolet light

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8
Q

How can desalination be performed?

A

Through distillation or through reverse osmosis

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9
Q

What happens during the reverse osmosis of sea water?

A

Salty water is passed through a membrane that only allows water molecules through. Ions and larger molecules , like salt, are trapped by the membrane and so are separated from the water.

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10
Q

How does distillation remove salt from seawater?

A

Sea water is heated until it boils. The salt remains in the liquid, and the steam is pure water. The steam is cooled and condensed to make potable water.

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11
Q

What are the disadvantages of desalination methods?

A

They require a lot of energy and are very expensive. Reverse osmosis also produces a large volume of waste water, so its efficiency is often quite low.

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12
Q

Why does waste water need to be treated?

A
  • human waste contains harmful bacteria and high levels of nitrogen compounds which can harm aquatic ecosystems
  • industrial waste water may contain harmful chemicals such as toxic metal compounds
  • agricultural waste water may contain fertilisers or pesticides which can disrupt sensitive ecosystems
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13
Q

What are the stages of waste water treatment?

A

Screening
Sedimentation
Aerobic digestion of effluent
Anaerobic digestion of sludge

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14
Q

What happens during the screening stage of waste water treatment?

A

Insoluble and large objects are removed, like sticks

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15
Q

What happens during the sedimentation stage of waste water treatment?

A

In a settlement tank, the heavier suspended solids sink to the bottom to produce sludge and the less dense effluent floats to the top

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16
Q

What happens during the aerobic digestion stage of waste water treatment?

A

The effluent is treated via aerobic digestion. This is where air is pumped through the water to encourage aerobic bacteria to break down any organic matter - including other harmful microbes in the water

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17
Q

What happens during the anaerobic digestion stage of waste water treatment?

A

The sludge gets broken down by bacteria via anaerobic digestion. The organic matter in the sludge is broken down, releasing methane gas and digested waste

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18
Q

What can the methane gas from waste water treatment be used for?

A

As an energy source

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19
Q

What can the remaining digested waste from waste water treatment be used for?

A

Fertilisers

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20
Q

What is effluent treated with?

A

chlorine, ozone and ultraviolet light

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21
Q

What is the Haber process?

A

when nitrogen gas is reacted with hydrogen gas to make ammonia gas. The forward reaction is exothermic.

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22
Q

What is the word equation for the Haber process?

A

nitrogen + hydrogen <=> ammonia

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23
Q

What is the symbol equation for the Haber process?

A

N2 + 3H2 <=> 2NH3

24
Q

Where does the nitrogen for the haber process come from?

A

The air

25
Q

Where does the hydrogen for the haber process come from?

A

The reaction of methane and steam. Or, crude oil

26
Q

What happens to nitrogen and hydrogen before they’re reacted together to make ammonia?

A

They’re purified

27
Q

Where does the Haber process take place?

A

In a reaction vessel

28
Q

What happens after ammonia gas is formed in the Haber process?

A

It cools in a condenser and turns into a liquid

29
Q

What happens to unused hydrogen and nitrogen in the haber process?

A

They’re recycled , which reduces waste, saves resources and reduces costs

30
Q

What following conditions are needed for the Haber process?

A
  • The temperature needs to be at 450 degrees Celsius
  • The pressure needs to be at 200 atmospheres
  • An iron catalyst needs to be present
31
Q

How are the conditions needed for the Haber process a compromise?

A

Because they’re a compromise between yield and rate

32
Q

What are the 3 main essential elements needed by plants for growth?

A

Nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium

33
Q

What are NPK fertilisers?

A

Formulations containing salts of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium in the right percentage of the elements

34
Q

What happens when phosphate rock is reacted with nitric acid?

A

Phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate are produced

35
Q

What happens when phosphate rock is reacted with sulfuric acid?

A

Calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate are produced

36
Q

What happens when phosphate rock is reacted with phosphoric acid?

A

Calcium phosphate is produced

37
Q

What is the mixture of calcium sulfate and calcium phosphate known as?

A

Single superphosphate

38
Q

What is calcium phosphate known as?`

A

Triple superphosphate

39
Q

Why must fertiliser compounds be soluble in water?

A

so they can be absorbed by the root hair cells

40
Q

what are sources of soluble nitrogen?

A

ammonium ions and nitrate ions

41
Q

What flame colour do lithium ions give?

A

Crimson

42
Q

What flame colour do Sodium ions give?

A

Yellow

43
Q

What flame colour do Potassium ions give?

A

Lilac

44
Q

What flame colour do Calcium ions give?

A

Orange-red

45
Q

What flame colour do Copper ions give?

A

Green

46
Q

What happens when you add dilute sodium hydroxide solution to Aluminium?

A

white precipitate - dissolves in excess sodium hydroxide solution

47
Q

What happens when you add dilute sodium hydroxide solution to Calcium

A

white precipitate formed

48
Q

What happens when you add dilute sodium hydroxide solution to Magnesium

A

White precipitate formed

49
Q

What happens when you add dilute sodium hydroxide solution to Copper

A

blue precipitate formed

50
Q

What happens when you add dilute sodium hydroxide solution to Iron(II)

A

Green precipitate forms

51
Q

What happens when you add dilute sodium hydroxide solution to Iron(III)

A

Brown precipitate forms

52
Q

What happens when you add dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate solution to chlorine?

A

white precipitate forms

53
Q

What happens when you add DILUTE NITRIC ACID and SILVER NITRATE solution to BROMIDE ions?

A

cream precipitate forms

54
Q

What happens when you add dilute nitric acid and silver nitrate solution to iodide ions?

A

yellow precipitate forms

55
Q

How do you test for carbonate ions?

A

Add a few drops of dilute hydrochloric acid. Bubbles are produced if carbonate ions are present. Confirm that the gas is carbon dioxide - limewater turns milky/cloudy.

56
Q

How do you test for sulfate ions?

A

Add a few drops of dilute hydrochloric acid, then a few drops of barium chloride solution. A white precipitate forms if sulfate ions are present.

57
Q

How do you test for halide ions?

A

Add a few drops of dilute nitric acid, then a few drops of silver nitrate solution. Observe and record the colour of any precipitate formed.

Science (31 decks)

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