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Science > The Endocrine System- Chemistry Paper 2 > Flashcards

The Endocrine System- Chemistry Paper 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers secreted by glands in the endocrine system that travel in the blood to reach target organs.

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2
Q

What secretes hormones?

A

The endocrine glands

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3
Q

What are the different glands in the body?

A

pancreas, pituitary, thyroid, adrenal, ovaries and testes

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4
Q

What does the pituitary gland do?

A

the pituitary gland produces many hormones that regulate body conditions. It’s sometimes called the ‘master gland’ because these hormones act on other glands, directing them to release hormones that bring about change.

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5
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Produces insulin, which is used to regulate blood glucose levels

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6
Q

What does the thyroid do?

A

produces thyroxine, which is involved in regulating things like the rate of metabolism, heart rate , and temperature.

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7
Q

What do the adrenal glands do?

A

produce adrenalin, which is used to prepare the body for a ‘fight or flight’ response

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8
Q

What do the ovaries do?

A

they produce oestrogen, which is involved in the menstrual cycle

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9
Q

What do the testes do?

A

they produce testosterone, which controls puberty and sperm production in males

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10
Q

Which has a faster response- nerves or hormones?

A

Nerves

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11
Q

are neurones or hormones chemical signals?

A

Hormones

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12
Q

are neurones or hormones electrical signals?

A

Nerves

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13
Q

Does the nervous system target muscles and glands, or cells in particular tissues?

A

Muscles and glands

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14
Q

Do nerves act in a more localised area or in a more generalised are?

A

Localised

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15
Q

Do neurones act over a short or long period of time?

A

Short

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16
Q

Do hormones act over a short or long period of time?

A

Long

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17
Q

What is another name for fight or flight?

A

Activity

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18
Q

Throughout the day blood glucose levels….

A

…vary

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19
Q

Where do we get glucose from?

A

From our food- food gives us carbohydrates which is broken down with the help of enzymes to produce glucose.

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20
Q

What hormones does the pancreas produce?

A

Insulin and Glucagon

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21
Q

What does insulin do?

A

It decreases the blood glucose levels when they get too high

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22
Q

How does insulin work?

A

1) After eating, a persons blood glucose levels become higher and this rise is detected by the pancreas.
2) The pancreas responds by producing insulin, which is secreted into the blood.
3) Insulin allows body cells to take up more glucose from the blood. Cells in the liver and muscles can take up glucose and convert it into a storage molecule called glycogen
4) This causes the blood glucose level to fall

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23
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

It increases the blood glucose levels when they get too low

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24
Q

How does glucagon work?

A

1) If a person’s blood glucose levels decrease, the fall is detected by the pancreas.
2) The pancreas responds by producing glucagon, which is secreted into the blood.
3) Glucagon will then convert the glycogen stored in the cells and liver back into glucose, which enters the blood.
4) This causes the blood glucose level to rise.

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25
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

When the pancreas produces little or no insulin. This results in a person’s blood glucose levels rising to a level that can kill them.

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26
Q

How can type 1 diabetes be controlled?

A

Using: insulin therapy, limiting the intake of foods rich in simple carbohydrates and by exercising regularly.

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27
Q

What is insulin therapy?

A

This is when insulin is injected into the blood -usually after eating- to make sure glucose is removed from the blood quickly once the food has been digested. This stops the level of glucose in the blood from getting too high.

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28
Q

Why should people with type 1 diabetes spread their intake of carbohydrates throughout the day?

A

So that glucose is absorbed more slowly and so that there’s no sharp increase in blood glucose levels.

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29
Q

How does regular exercise help people with type 1 diabetes?

A

Increased exercise helps to lower blood glucose levels because the increased metabolism of cells during exercise removes more glucose from the blood.

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30
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

A condition where a person becomes resistant to their own insulin. They still produce insulin, but there body’s cells don’t respond properly to the hormone.

31
Q

What can increase someone’s chances of getting type 2 diabetes?

A

being overweight, not exercising properly

32
Q

How can type 2 diabetes be controlled?

A

Eating a carbohydrate controlled diet, regular exercise

33
Q

What are the current treatments for type 1 diabetes?

A

Pancreas transplants and artificial pancreases

34
Q

How can you test for diabetes?

A

By looking for glucose in a urine sample or through using a blood test

35
Q

What do the kidneys do?

A

They make urine by taking waste products out of the blood as it passes through the kidneys in a process called fitration

36
Q

What substances are re-absorbed back into the blood?

A

glucose, sodium, amino acids, water, ions

37
Q

What is selective reabsorbtion?

A

When useful substances are re-absorbed back into the blood

38
Q

What substances are removed from the body in urine?

A

Urea, excess ions and water

39
Q

How do humans lose water?

A

From the skin in sweat and from the lungs when we exhale

40
Q

What waste product is produced as a result of deamination?

A

Ammonia

41
Q

Why is ammonia converted into urea?

A

Because ammonia is too toxic to be stored inn the body

42
Q

Where is ammonia converted into urea?

A

In the liver

43
Q

What happens after ammonia is converted into urea in the liver?

A

It’s transported to the kidneys where it’s filtered out of the blood and excreted from the body in the form of urine

44
Q

Where in the kidneys does selective reabsorbtion take place?

A

In the kidney tubules

45
Q

What does ADH stand for?

A

anti-diuretic hormone

46
Q

What gland releases ADH?

A

The pituitary gland

47
Q

Where does urea come from?

A

Excess protein production

48
Q

What happens to your urine if you don’t drink enough water?

A

It becomes concentrated and a darker colour

49
Q

What happens to your urine if you drink too much waer?

A

It becomes more diluted and lighter in colour

50
Q

What happens in the body if the water content is too low?

A
  • This change is detected by a receptor in the brain
  • The co-ordination centre in the brain receives the information and co-ordinates a response
  • The pituitary gland releases more ADH, so the kidney tubules become more permeable and re-absorb more water.
51
Q

The more permeable the kidney tubules are…

A

a

52
Q

The whole process of water regulation in the body is caused by…

A

negative feedback

53
Q

What happens in the body if the water content is too high

A
  • This change is detected by a receptor in the brain
  • The co-ordination centre in the brain receives the information and co-ordinates a response
  • The pituitary gland releases less ADH, so the kidney tubules become less permeable and re-absorb less water.
54
Q

What happens if the kidney stops working properly?

A

Waste substances build up in our blood and we lose the ability to control the levels of ions and water in our bodies

55
Q

What can kidney failure lead to if left untreated?

A

Problems with the heart, bones, nervous system, mouth, etc and eventually death

56
Q

What are the options available for people with kidney failure?

A

Kidney dialysis and kidney transplant

57
Q

What do dialysis machines do?

A

They replace the role of the kidneys

58
Q

What does the partially permeable membrane in a dialysis machine allow to happen?

A

things like ions and waste substances through, but not big molecules like proteins

59
Q

Why won’t useful dissolved ions and glucose not be lost from the blood during dialysis?

A

Because the dialysis fluid has the same concentration of dissolved ions and glucose as healthy blood

60
Q

What happens to waste substances like urea and excess ions during kidney dialysis?

A

They diffuse across the membrane to the dialysis machine. where they are removed from the blood

61
Q

How many hours a week does someone with kidney failure have to undergo dialysis?

A

3 times a week, with each session being 3-4 hours

62
Q

Why do dialysis patients have to be careful about what they eat?

A

Too avoid to much of a particular ion building up between dialysis sessions

63
Q

Why do kidney dialysis machines strain the NHS’s budget?

A

Because dialysis machines are very expensive to run

64
Q

Why do patients on a kidney dialysis machine have to limit the amount of fluid they take in?

A

Because when the kidneys aren’t functioning as they should be, fluid can build up in the body, which can be dangerous as this can cause the volume of blood to increase, leading to high blood pressure.

65
Q

Can dialysis lead to infections and cause blood clots?

A

Yes

66
Q

What is the only cure for kidney disease?

A

A kidney transplant

67
Q

Where can donated kidneys come from?

A

people who have died suddenly, people who are on the organ donor register, people who are still alive

68
Q

What is a problem with kidney transplants?

A

Rejections, as the immune system will detect the antigens on the donor kidney as foreign and so the white blood cells will start to attack the kidney

69
Q

How is rejection of a donated kidney prevented?

A

Through using an organ donor with a tissue type that closely matched the patients and by the recipient taking immunosuppressants

70
Q

Why does it take a long time for people to get kidney transplants?

A

Because there’s a long waiting list

71
Q

Even if a kidney with a matching tissue type is found what is still a possibility?

A

that the kidney will still be rejected

72
Q

What’s the problem with taking immunosuppressants after having a kidney transplant?

A

You become more vulnerable to other illnesses and infections because immunosuppressants supress the immune system

73
Q

Can kidney transplant surgery be risky?

A

yes

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