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Science > Homeostasis and the Nervous System- Biology paper 2 > Flashcards

Homeostasis and the Nervous System- Biology paper 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The regulation of the conditions inside the body to maintain a stable internal environment , in response to changes in both internal and external conditions.

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2
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

A change in the environment that the body needs to respond to

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3
Q

What are examples of stimuli?

A

pain, change in temperature, sound

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4
Q

What do receptors do?

A

They detect a stimulus

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5
Q

What is the negative feedback system?

A

The system that responds when a level changes from the optimum point, in order to bring the level back to optimum. It’s a continuous looping process.

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6
Q

What is the order of transmission of information to and from the CNS?

A

Stimulus-> Receptor-> Co-ordination Centre-> Effector->Response

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7
Q

Where do sensory neurones work?

A

Between the receptor organs and the CNS

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8
Q

Where do relay neurones work?

A

Between the sensory neurones and the motor neurones

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9
Q

Where do motor neurones work?

A

Between the CNS and effectors

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10
Q

What does the nervous system allow us to do?

A

It allows us to detect and respond to changes in the environment

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11
Q

What are some examples of receptors?

A

Taste receptors on the tongue, sound receptors in the ears, smell receptors in the nose, light receptors in the eyes

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12
Q

What can effectors be?

A

Either muscles or glands

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13
Q

How do muscles respond to nervous impulses?

A

They contract

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14
Q

How do glands respond to nervous impulses?

A

They secrete hormones

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15
Q

What is the gap between 2 neurones called?

A

A synapse

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16
Q

What do neurones do?

A

carry electrical impulses from one place to another

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17
Q

What are groups of neurones called?

A

Nerves

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18
Q

What insulates the axon?

A

The myelin sheath

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19
Q

What do the dendrites do?

A

receive incoming impulses from other neurones.

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20
Q

How does information travel between neurones?

A

1) An electrical impulse travels along the first axon.
2) This triggers the nerve-ending of a neurone to release chemical messengers called neurotransmitters.
3) These chemicals diffuse across the synapse (the gap) and bind with receptor molecules on the membrane of the second neurone.
4) The receptor molecules on the second neurone bind only to the specific neurotransmitters released from the first neurone.
5) This stimulates the second neurone to transmit the electrical impulse.

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21
Q

Why are nerve cells long?

A

So that they can carry electrical impulses long distances in the body

22
Q

What are refelexes?

A

Fast, automatic responses to certain stimuli

23
Q

What does the cerebral cortex do?

A

It is the outer, wrinkly layer of the brain that is responsible for things like consciousness, intelligence, memory and language.

24
Q

What does the medulla do?

A

It’s the base of the brain at the top of the spinal cord that controls unconscious activities- things you don’t need to think about like breathing

25
Q

What does the cerebellum do?

A

It’s the back of the brain that’s responsible for muscle co-ordination

26
Q

What happens to sweat when the body temperature gets to high?

A

Sweat is produced by the sweat glands. When sweat evaporates from the skin, it transfers energy to the environment, helping to reduce body temperature.

27
Q

What happens to sweat when the body temperature gets to high?

A

Sweat is produced by the sweat glands. When sweat evaporates from the skin, it transfers energy to the environment, helping to reduce body temperature.

28
Q

What happens to our blood vessels when the body temperature gets too high?

A

The skin capillaries get wider so that more blood flows close to the surface of the skin. This helps to transfer energy from the skin to the environment.

29
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

When the skin capillaries get wider so that more blood flows close to the surface of the skin.

30
Q

What do your hairs do when body temperature gets too low?

A

Hairs on the skin stand up. This traps an insulating layer of air next to the skin, reducing the amount of energy transferred to the environment.

31
Q

What happens to our blood vessels when our body temperature gets too low?

A

The capillaries get narrower to reduce the skin’s blood supply. This is called vasoconstriction and it reduces the amount of blood that flows close to the surface of the skin and so less energy is transferred from the skin to the environment.

32
Q

Why do we shiver when we are cold?

A

Because this needs respiration and this transfers some energy to warm the body

33
Q

Why do we shiver when we are cold?

A

Because this needs respiration and this transfers some energy to warm the body

34
Q

What is long sightedness called?

A

Hyperopia

35
Q

What is short sightedness called?

A

Myopia

36
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

The passage of information from a receptor to an effector. The neurones in reflex arcs go through the spine or through the unconscious part of the brain

37
Q

What is a reflex arc?

A

The passage of information from a receptor to an effector. The neurones in reflex arcs go through the spine or through the unconscious part of the brain

38
Q

What 2 things does the nervous system consist of?

A

The CNS and the PNS

39
Q

What things does homeostasis regulate?

A
  • blood glucose concentration
  • body temperature
  • `water levels
40
Q

How do neuroscientists study the brain?

A

The study patients with brain damage, they electrically stimulate the brain, they look at MRI scans

41
Q

What does the cornea do?

A

Refracts light as it enters the eye

42
Q

What does the Iris do?

A

Controls how much light enters the pupil

43
Q

What does the Lens do?

A

Further refracts light to focus it onto the retina

44
Q

What does the Retina do?

A

Contains the light receptors

45
Q

What does the Optic nerve do?

A

Carries impulses between the eye and the brain

46
Q

What does the Sclera do?

A

Tough white outer layer of the eye. It helps protect the eye from injury

47
Q

The amount of light entering the eye is controlled by a….

A

reflex action. The size of the pupil changes in response to bright or dim light. This is controlled by the muscles of the iris.

48
Q

what is Accommodation?

A

the process of changing the shape of the lens to focus on near or distant objects.

49
Q

What does the optic nerve do?

A

carry impulses from the receptors on the retina to the brain

50
Q

How can long-sightedness be treated?

A

Laser surgery , Replacement lens

Science (31 decks)

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