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Science > C11.1/2 Addition polymerisation/condensation polymerisation- Chemistry Paper 2 > Flashcards

C11.1/2 Addition polymerisation/condensation polymerisation- Chemistry Paper 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s the only ester you need to know about?

A

Ethyl ethanoate

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2
Q

What are polymers?

A

Long repeating chains of covalent molecules

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3
Q

What are all plastics considered as?

A

Polymers

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4
Q

What are monomers made up of?

A

Individual molecules

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5
Q

How do monomers form a polymer?

A

Many monomers bond together to form a polymer.

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6
Q

How do you name polymers?

A

poly(monomer)

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7
Q

What polymer does styrene make?

A

poly(styrene)

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8
Q

What polymer does ester make?

A

poly(ester)

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9
Q

What polymer does butene make?

A

poly(butene)

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10
Q

What polymer does vinyl chloride make?

A

poly(vinyl chloride)

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11
Q

What polymer does carbonate make?

A

poly(carbonate)

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12
Q

What happens in addition polymerisation?

A

One bond in the double bond breaks, which allows each monomer to form a single covalent bond to another monomer. This allows a polymer to form.

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13
Q

How do you draw repeating polymer units when converting a monomer to a polymer?

A

1) The double bond turns into a single bond
2) The bonds on the end of the repeat unit go through the bracket
3) An “n” goes in the bottom right corner to show the number of times the repeat unit repeats

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14
Q

Convert the molecules in your book into repeating units

A

Check book for answer

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15
Q

What happens during condensation polymerisation?

A

Two carboxylic acids and two alcohols react to form an ester. A small molecule is also produced , such as water

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16
Q

Show what happens in addition polymerisation

A

Check book for answer

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17
Q

What are saccharides?

A

Units of sugar/glucose

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18
Q

What is the formula for glucose?

A

C6H12O6

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19
Q

What can saccharides basically be describes as?

A

Hydrates of carbon

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20
Q

What are polysaccharides made up of?

A

Many units of sugar/glucose

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21
Q

Name a polysaccharide

A

Starch

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22
Q

What are disaccharides made up of?

A

A combination of 2 sugar units

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23
Q

Name a disaccharide and it component sugar units.

A

Sucrose, which is made up of glucose and fructose bonded together

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24
Q

Why is cellulose a polysaccharide?

A

Because it’s made up of many glucose/sugar units joined together

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25
Q

What is cellulose?

A

A material that makes up cell walls in plants. Cellulose is a polysacharide that’s made up of glucose units joined together.

26
Q

Why are polysaccharides condensation polymers?

A

Because they lose water when they bond

27
Q

What is a protein?

A

An organic compound made up of amino acid molecules

28
Q

What are the 4 dimensions to studying proteins?

A

The primary structure, the secondary structure, the tertiary structure and the quaternary structure

29
Q

How many dimensions are there to studying proteins?

A

4

30
Q

What is the primary protein structure?

A

A sequence of amino acids

31
Q

What are the monomers of all proteins?

A

Amino acids

32
Q

How many naturally occurring proteins are there in nature?

A

21

33
Q

What happens in the secondary protein structure?

A

Amino acids bond together to form peptides, which are small chain of amino acids.

34
Q

What is a peptide?

A

A small chain of amino acids

35
Q

What happens in the tertiary protein structure?

A

Proteins are formed from the combination of may peptide chains.

36
Q

What happens in the quaternary protein structure?

A

Many proteins fold over one another to form very complex structures. If the proteins lose their shape and unfold, they are said to be de-natured

37
Q

What is produced when amino acids bond?

A

A peptide and water

38
Q

What are the 2 functional groups in a protein?

A

The basic group and the acidic group

39
Q

Write out glycine’s formula

A

H2N CH2 COOH

40
Q

Draw the peptide of the amino acids alkanine and valine

A

Check book for answer

41
Q

What is each monomer of DNA called?

A

A nucleotide

42
Q

How many nucleotides pair up in DNA?

A

4

43
Q

What does the order in which the pairs of nucleotides align determine?

A

The genetic features

44
Q

Name the 4 nucleotides

A

Adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine

45
Q

What do the 4 nucleotides have in common?

A
  • Phosphate ion
  • Ribose sugar
  • Nucleotide base( either A, T, C or G)
46
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

47
Q

What do the phosphate ions and ribose molecules act as in a DNA structure?

A

The ‘backbone’ on both sides of the molecule

48
Q

What are the strands of DNA bonded together by?

A

Nucleotides

49
Q

What do the dotted lines indicate?

A

An intermolecular force (hydrogen bonds)

50
Q

What is the hydrogenation of alkenes?

A

Where the double bond opens up to form the equivalent alkane

51
Q

What is needed for hydrogenation of alkenes to occur?

A

Hydrogen and a catalyst

52
Q

When do alkenes form alcohols?

A

When they react with steam in the presences of a catalyst

53
Q

What is the general formula of an alcohol?

A

Cn H2n+1 OH

54
Q

What are the properties of alcohols?

A
  • They’re flammable
  • The first 4 alcohols all dissolve completely in water to form neutral solutions
  • They react with sodium
  • They can be oxidised to form carboxylic acids
55
Q

What are alcohols used in?

A

Alcoholic drinks, solvents, fuels

56
Q

What needs to be present for a carboxylic acid to be formed?

A

An acid catalyst

57
Q

Do carboxylic acids react like other acids?

A

Yes

58
Q

What happens when carboxylic acids dissolve in water?

A

They produce H+ ions and make the solution acidic

59
Q

Why are carboxylic acids weak acids?

A

Because they only partially ionise in water

60
Q

What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?

A

COOH

61
Q

What is the functional group of an ester?

A

COO

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