C11.1/2 Addition polymerisation/condensation polymerisation- Chemistry Paper 2 Flashcards
What’s the only ester you need to know about?
Ethyl ethanoate
What are polymers?
Long repeating chains of covalent molecules
What are all plastics considered as?
Polymers
What are monomers made up of?
Individual molecules
How do monomers form a polymer?
Many monomers bond together to form a polymer.
How do you name polymers?
poly(monomer)
What polymer does styrene make?
poly(styrene)
What polymer does ester make?
poly(ester)
What polymer does butene make?
poly(butene)
What polymer does vinyl chloride make?
poly(vinyl chloride)
What polymer does carbonate make?
poly(carbonate)
What happens in addition polymerisation?
One bond in the double bond breaks, which allows each monomer to form a single covalent bond to another monomer. This allows a polymer to form.
How do you draw repeating polymer units when converting a monomer to a polymer?
1) The double bond turns into a single bond
2) The bonds on the end of the repeat unit go through the bracket
3) An “n” goes in the bottom right corner to show the number of times the repeat unit repeats
Convert the molecules in your book into repeating units
Check book for answer
What happens during condensation polymerisation?
Two carboxylic acids and two alcohols react to form an ester. A small molecule is also produced , such as water
Show what happens in addition polymerisation
Check book for answer
What are saccharides?
Units of sugar/glucose
What is the formula for glucose?
C6H12O6
What can saccharides basically be describes as?
Hydrates of carbon
What are polysaccharides made up of?
Many units of sugar/glucose
Name a polysaccharide
Starch
What are disaccharides made up of?
A combination of 2 sugar units
Name a disaccharide and it component sugar units.
Sucrose, which is made up of glucose and fructose bonded together
Why is cellulose a polysaccharide?
Because it’s made up of many glucose/sugar units joined together
What is cellulose?
A material that makes up cell walls in plants. Cellulose is a polysacharide that’s made up of glucose units joined together.
Why are polysaccharides condensation polymers?
Because they lose water when they bond
What is a protein?
An organic compound made up of amino acid molecules
What are the 4 dimensions to studying proteins?
The primary structure, the secondary structure, the tertiary structure and the quaternary structure
How many dimensions are there to studying proteins?
4
What is the primary protein structure?
A sequence of amino acids
What are the monomers of all proteins?
Amino acids
How many naturally occurring proteins are there in nature?
21
What happens in the secondary protein structure?
Amino acids bond together to form peptides, which are small chain of amino acids.
What is a peptide?
A small chain of amino acids
What happens in the tertiary protein structure?
Proteins are formed from the combination of may peptide chains.
What happens in the quaternary protein structure?
Many proteins fold over one another to form very complex structures. If the proteins lose their shape and unfold, they are said to be de-natured
What is produced when amino acids bond?
A peptide and water
What are the 2 functional groups in a protein?
The basic group and the acidic group
Write out glycine’s formula
H2N CH2 COOH
Draw the peptide of the amino acids alkanine and valine
Check book for answer
What is each monomer of DNA called?
A nucleotide
How many nucleotides pair up in DNA?
4
What does the order in which the pairs of nucleotides align determine?
The genetic features
Name the 4 nucleotides
Adenine, guanine, thymine and cytosine
What do the 4 nucleotides have in common?
- Phosphate ion
- Ribose sugar
- Nucleotide base( either A, T, C or G)
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribonucleic acid
What do the phosphate ions and ribose molecules act as in a DNA structure?
The ‘backbone’ on both sides of the molecule
What are the strands of DNA bonded together by?
Nucleotides
What do the dotted lines indicate?
An intermolecular force (hydrogen bonds)
What is the hydrogenation of alkenes?
Where the double bond opens up to form the equivalent alkane
What is needed for hydrogenation of alkenes to occur?
Hydrogen and a catalyst
When do alkenes form alcohols?
When they react with steam in the presences of a catalyst
What is the general formula of an alcohol?
Cn H2n+1 OH
What are the properties of alcohols?
- They’re flammable
- The first 4 alcohols all dissolve completely in water to form neutral solutions
- They react with sodium
- They can be oxidised to form carboxylic acids
What are alcohols used in?
Alcoholic drinks, solvents, fuels
What needs to be present for a carboxylic acid to be formed?
An acid catalyst
Do carboxylic acids react like other acids?
Yes
What happens when carboxylic acids dissolve in water?
They produce H+ ions and make the solution acidic
Why are carboxylic acids weak acids?
Because they only partially ionise in water
What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid?
COOH
What is the functional group of an ester?
COO
