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GCSE Physics > Waves 2 > Flashcards

Waves 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

2 types of wave

A

Transverse
longitudinal

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2
Q

1 example of longitudinal waves

A

Sound waves

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3
Q

All waves transfer…from one place to another

A

Energy

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4
Q

True or false, all waves require a medium to travel in e.g air/ a solid

A

False
All longitudinal waves require a medium to travel in
Only some transverse waves require a medium to travel in

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5
Q

Amplitude meaning

A

Maximum displacement of a point on a wave away from its undisturbed position

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6
Q

Amplitude is the ….of a point on a wave away from its…

A

Maximum displacement
Undisturbed position

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7
Q

Amplitude is the maximum displacement…….undisturbed position

A

of a point on a wave away from its

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8
Q

Wavelength is the distance from a point on one wave to the equivalent point on the…

A

Adjacent wave

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9
Q

Frequency meaning

A

Number of waves passing a point each second

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10
Q

50Hz means how many waves are passing a point each second

A

50 waves

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11
Q

If 20 waves pass a point each second what is the frequency

A

20Hz
As frequency is the number of waves passing a point each second

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12
Q

Period of a wave meaning

A

Time taken for wave to pass a point (in seconds)

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13
Q

Frequency vs period

A

Frequency is number of waves passing a point each second
Period is time taken for a wave to pass a point

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14
Q

Unit for period of a wave

A

Seconds

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15
Q

Wave speed meaning

A

Speed at which the wave moves through a medium/ speed at which energy is transferred through a medium

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16
Q

Wave speed is the speed at which a wave moves through a…./ the speed at which energy is transferred through a…

A

Medium

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17
Q

Describe Method to determine speed of sound waves in air

A

1) lay out 500m tape measure in straight line on ground in the open air
2) person A stands at 0m mark holding pair of cymbals, person B stands at the 500m mark with timer
3) person A starts timing when they see person B clash the cymbals together
4) person A stops timing as soon as they hear the sound of the cymbals
5) calculate speed of sound wave by doing distance (500m)/ time taken

Errors: different people have different reaction times (some people I’ll be able to start the timer quicker after seeing the cymbals clash together than others which will effect the time recorded)

It takes a fraction of a second between seeing the cymbals clash and starting the timer and between hearing the sound and stopping the timer (so the time won’t be fully accurate)

2 improvements:
Repeat investigation with lots of different people being in charge of the timer and calculate the mean time on the timers
Use longer distance between person A and person B to make the time between person A seeing the cymbals clash and hearing them longer so that the time is more accurate

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18
Q

For method to find speed of sound waves in air what are 2 sources of error

A

Different people have different reaction times so some people may take longer than others between seeing the cymbals clash together and stating the timer

It takes a fraction of a second between seeing the cymbals clash together and pressing the timer and hearing the cymbals and stopping the timer so that time recorded won’t be fully accurate

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19
Q

2 improvements to method of finding speed of sound waves in air

A

Repeat investigation at least 9 times with different people timing and calculate mean time
Increase distance between person A and person B

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20
Q

3 things that can happen to a wave when it meets a new medium

A

1) is transmitted
2) energy is absorbed
3) reflected

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21
Q

Which ray and angle comes first out of reflection and incident

A

First incident ray and angle of incidence
Second reflected ray and angle of reflection

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22
Q

Range of human hearing

A

20Hz
20,000Hz

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23
Q

Lowest frequency humans can hear

A

20Hz

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24
Q

Highest frequency humans can hear

A

20,000Hz

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25
Q

What 2 key things change when a wave passed from one medium to another

A

Wave speed
Wavelength

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26
Q

Which 2 things change out of wave speed, frequency and wavelength when a wave travels from one medium to another

A

Wave speed
Wavelength

(Not frequency)

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27
Q

Connection between frequency and pitch

A

Higher frequency= higher pitch
Lower frequency= lower pitch

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28
Q

Connection between volume and amplitude

A

Louder= bigger amplitude
Quieter= smaller amplitude

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29
Q

Sound waves can only move through a…..e.g air/ a solid

A

Medium

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30
Q

True or false, sound waves can travel through a vacuum

A

False
There must be a medium so that particles can vibrate

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31
Q

Specific name for when sound waves are reflected

A

Echo

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32
Q

An echo is when sound waves are..

A

Reflected

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33
Q

Ultrasound is sound waves with a frequency greater than…

A

20,000Hz

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34
Q

3 uses of ultrasound

A

Producing images of internal organs e.g kidneys
Producing images of a foetus
Industrial imaging to show hidden defects

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35
Q

Out of the crust, mantle, outer core and inner core which is solid and which is liquid

A

Crust, mantle and inner core= solid
outer core= liquid

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36
Q

Is the outer core of the earth solid or liquid

A

Liquid

But the mantle, inner core and crust are all solid

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37
Q

Are the crust, mantle and inner core of the earth all liquid or solid

A

Solid
(Outer core is liquid)

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38
Q

2 main types of seismic waves

A

P waves
S waves

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39
Q

3 differences between P waves and S waves

A

P waves are longitudinal, S waves are transverse
P waves can travel through solids and liquids, S waves can only travel through solids
P waves travel faster than S waves

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40
Q

Which travel faster out of p waves and S waves

A

P waves are faster

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41
Q

Do seismic waves travel in straight lines or curved paths

A

Curved paths
(Due to different densities of the earth so the waves refract)

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42
Q

Name for zones on earth where P waves/ S waves can’t be detected

A

Shadow zones

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43
Q

EM waves transfer energy from the….of the wave to the…

A

Source
Absorber

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44
Q

Which EM wave has the lowest frequency and longest wavelength

A

Radio waves

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45
Q

Which EM waves has the highest frequency and shortest wavelength

A

Gamma rays

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46
Q

True or false, EM waves need a medium to travel in

A

False
They don’t need a medium to travel in so can travel through vacuums

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47
Q

All EM waves travel at the same …through a vacuum

A

Speed

48
Q

True or false, all EM waves travel at the same speed through a vacuum

A

True
(300 million m/s)
(3x10^8 m/s)

49
Q

All EM waves travel at the same speed through a vacuum which is….m/s

A

300 million
(300,000,000)

50
Q

2 Uses of radio waves

A

Radios
TVs

51
Q

2 uses of microwaves

A

Satellite communication
Cooking food

52
Q

3 Uses of infrared radiation

A

Thermal image cameras
Electric heaters
Toasters (cooking food)

53
Q

One key use of visible light

A

Fibre optic communication

54
Q

2 key uses of Ultraviolet rays

A

Sun tanning
Security marking

55
Q

Which type of EM wave causes premature skin ageing

A

Ultraviolet rays

56
Q

Which 3 types of EM waves can cause mutations and cancer

A

Last 3 waves
(UV rays, X rays, gamma rays)

57
Q

2 uses of X rays and gamma rays

A

Medical imaging and treatment

58
Q

1 hazard of infrared rays

A

Can cause burns

59
Q

1 hazard of visible light

A

Can damage eyesight

60
Q

2 hazards of UV rays

A

Can cause cancer
Can cause premature skin ageing

61
Q

When waves slow down do they bend towards or away from the normal

A

Slow down= towards normal

62
Q

When waves speed up do they bend towards or away from the normal

A

Speed up= away

(Fast people can get away quicker)

63
Q

When atoms are heated what happens to electrons in terms of the energy levels

A

Electrons move from one energy level to a higher energy level

64
Q

Describe how heating an atom generates an EM wave

A

When atom is heated, electrons move from one energy level to a higher one
When the electron returns to its original energy level it generates an EM wave

65
Q

2 hazards that ultraviolet rays, x rays and gamma rays all share in common

A

Can cause mutations and cancer
X rays and gamma rays are also ionising
Ultraviolet rays can also cause premature skin ageing

66
Q

Do waves travel faster in air or glass

A

Air = faster
Glass= slower

67
Q

Differences between EM waves and sound waves

A

EM waves are transverse, sound waves are longitudinal
EM waves can travel through a vacuum, sound waves can’t
EM waves travel faster than sound waves
EM waves have greater frequencies than sound waves

68
Q

One difference between sound waves and EM waves is that EM waves have higher..

A

Frequencies

69
Q

Apart from being used for toasters and electric heaters, another use of infrared radiation is…

A

Thermal image cameras

70
Q

What shape is a convex lens

A

Leaf shape

71
Q

Which type of lens is leaf shaped

A

Convex lens

72
Q

What is the focal length

A

Distance between centre of lens and principle focus

73
Q

The distance between the centre of the lens and principle focus is called the…

A

Focal length

74
Q

What letter is used to represent principle focus

A

F

75
Q

What does F represent (to do with lenses)

A

Principle focus

76
Q

How to draw ray diagram for convex lens (leaf shaped lens)

A

1) Draw straight line from top of object passing straight through centre of lens
2) draw straight horizontal line from top of object up to lens
3) draw straight line from where 2nd line has ended passing through Principle focus (F) on other side of lens

Where 2 lines meet draw vertical line up to axis and this is the image

77
Q

Name for axis used in ray diagrams

A

Principal axis

78
Q

Example of when convex lenses produce virtual image

A

Magnifying glasses

79
Q

Which type of lens out of convex and concave do magnifying glasses use

A

Convex

80
Q

Name for type of lens which is non leaf shaped

A

Concave lens

81
Q

Do convex lenses make parallel light rays converge or diverge

A

Converge (move inwards together)

82
Q

Which type of lens makes parallel light rays diverge (spread out) when they hit it

A

Concave

83
Q

Which type of lens makes parallel light rays converge when they hit it

A

Convex lens

84
Q

Name for point where all parallel light rays converge to when they hit a convex lens

A

Principle focus

85
Q

How to draw ray diagram for concave lens

A

1) draw straight line from top of object passing straight through centre of lens
2) draw horizontal line from top of object up to lens
3) draw straight line starting from end of 2nd line and passing through principle focus (F) (usually this point is still on the left hand size of the lens so the line must be dotted)
4) where 2 lines meet draw vertical line connecting this point to the axis and this is the image

86
Q

6 potential words to use when describing image formed from convex/ concave lenses

A

Diminished/ magnified
Upright/ inverted
Virtual/ real

87
Q

For a concave lens you can always describe the image as …, ….and …

A

Diminished
Upright
Vertical

(Concave lenses are DUV)

88
Q

True or false, all type of reflection produce an image

A

False
Specular reflection produces an image (involves smooth surfaces) but diffuse reflection doesn’t produce an image (involves rough surfaces)

89
Q

2 type of reflection depending on type of surface

A

Specular= smooth surface (image formed)
Diffuse= rough surface (image not formed)

90
Q

Coloured filters work by…specific wavelengths and…other wavelengths

A

Absorbing
Transmitting

91
Q

Does a red filter absorb red and transmit all other wavelengths or transmit red and absorb all other wavelengths

A

Red filter= absorbs all colours of visible light except red, red is transmitted

92
Q

When using a red colour filter only what colour is transmitted (all other colours are absorbed)

A

Red

93
Q

When using a green filter only what colour is transmitted (all other colours are absorbed)

A

Green

94
Q

When talking about coloured filters, what 2 things can happen to visible light when it hits the filter

A

Be absorbed
Be transmitted

95
Q

When talking about an object, what 2 things can happen to visible light when it hits the object

A

Be absorbed
Be reflected

(E.g a red object absorbs all colours except red which is reflected)

96
Q

When light hits both an object or coloured filter it can be absorbed. But what’s different about the other thing that can happen to light when it hits an object compared to coloured filter

A

Coloured filter- light transmitted (to see it e.g red filters transmit red so we can see red)
Object- light reflected (to see it e.g red object reflectes red so we can see red)

97
Q

What colour does an object appear if no light is reflected

A

Black

98
Q

What surface is the best absorber and emitter of infrared radiation

A

Matt black

99
Q

All objects (no matter what temperature) emit and absorb…

A

Infrared radiation

100
Q

True or false, all objects emit and absorb infrared radiation

A

True

101
Q

Both the wavelength and intensity of radiation depend on what

A

Temperature of object

102
Q

Both the…and…of radiation depend on the temperature of the object

A

Wavelength
Intensity

103
Q

Do very hot objects emit longer or shorter wavelength radiation than cooler objects

A

Shorter wavelength

104
Q

Which out of hotter or cooler objects emits more intense radiation

A

Hotter objects

105
Q

A perfect black body…all the radiation incident on it (that hits it)

A

Absorbs

106
Q

A perfect black body absorbs all…

A

Incident radiation on it
(Radiation that hits it)

107
Q

If an object is…than its surroundings then it emits more radiation than it absorbs so its temperature will decrease

A

Hotter

108
Q

If an object is hotter than its surroundings then it emits more radiation than it absorbs so its temperature…

A

Decreases

109
Q

If an object is hotter than its surroundings it…more radiation than it…so its temperature will decrease

A

Emits
Absorbs

110
Q

If an object is…than its surroundings then it absorbs more radiation than it emits so its temperature increases

A

Cooler

111
Q

If an object is cooler than its surroundings then it…more radiation than it…so its temperature increases

A

Absorbs
Emits

112
Q

The only way the earth can lose or gain energy is by..or…radiation

A

Absorbing
Emitting

113
Q

The only way the sun can lose or gain energy is by emitting or absorbing…

A

Radiation

114
Q

The only way the sun can lose or gain energy is by…

A

Emitting or absorbing radiation

115
Q

The only way the sun can lose or gain energy is by…

A

Emitting or absorbing radiation

GCSE Physics (22 decks)

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