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First Year Veterinary School > Waterborne Diseases > Flashcards

Waterborne Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are the water laws in the USA?

A

The water laws in USA
* 1947 - Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
 chemical wastes
* 1965 - Solid Waste Disposal Act
* 1972 - Clean Water Act
 Restrictions on pollution discharges into rivers and streams.

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2
Q

How much water is in our body?
What does water loss lead to?

A

The share of water in body: over two-third (65%) of the body

Lack/loss of water is dangerous to life: Its 15% loss from the body causes death

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3
Q

Although water covers _____ of the earth surface, access to safe drinking water is a global problem

A

2 /3

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4
Q

Over two-third (71%)
of the earth’s surface
is covered by water

A
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5
Q

How many people globally do not have access to safe drinking water?

Contaminated water can cause what?

How many people die from contaminated water annually?

A

2.1 billion people (29%) globally do not have access to safe drinking water

Contaminated water with infectious,
chemical, and physical hazards can
cause waterborne illnesses and deaths

3.57 million deaths/year globally

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6
Q

Name the sources of biological and chemical hazards in water that cause waterborne diseases.

A
  1. Animal kingdom of aquatic and terrestrial ecosystem
    - humans, domestic, and wildlife
  2. Slaughterhouses discharges
  3. Discharges from
    - agriculture farms,
    - industry,
    - commerce, etc.
  4. Floods
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7
Q

Name the sources of water pollution.

A
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8
Q

Name the types of waterborne biological pathogens.

A
  1. Non-spore & spore forming enteric pathogens
  2. Aquatic (environmental) pathogens

Re check lecture

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9
Q

Name the types of waterborne chemical pathogens.

A
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10
Q

What are the five common types of chemical contaminants of water?

A

Metals can contaminate water
disinfectants either from animals or pharma industries

chlorine –> put into water to make it safe. if we are beyond the threshold they can intoxicate us.

Bromate and chlorite are toxic to our body

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11
Q

List the toxic effects of chemical hazards on human health?

A

If we drink these hazards –> destroy our enterocytes, hepatocytes, kidney, lung, brain, cancer causing, reproductive disorders. fetal anomalies

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12
Q

What are the two categories of waterborne pathogens?

A

29 pathogens, some of which are aquatic or enteric (from us and get recycled into environment)

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13
Q

Name the environmental/aquatic water-borne pathogens.

A
  • These aquatic/environmental organisms include:
    1. Vibrio species (normally live in water but can come to us and attack us when we drink water or when we eat animals that live in water such as seafood).
    2. Legionella spp.,
    3. Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
    4. some aquatic
    Mycobacteria spp. & subspecies
    5. Naegleria fowleri = “brain-eating amoeba”
    6. Aquatic trematodes – Schistosomes – gut & kidney damage
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14
Q

How is Legionella transmitted?

A

Legionella is transmitted by breathing in mist (small water droplets in air) from contaminated water bodies

Very common in fountains and water towers.

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15
Q

‘Obligate or enteric’ spore and non-spore forming
pathogens are major water-borne pathogens

A
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16
Q

What are the 29 waterborne pathogens known by WHO?

A

If present in water, particularly viruses and protozoa
If drink virus or bacteria they will for sure infect me. Viruses: must be many in number to establish infection.
Some viruses come from animals

17
Q

What are the 18 waterborne pathogens known in the USA?

A

Vibrio species, pseudomonas, and enterobacteria species, campylbacter
viruses: norovirus
protozoa: crypto, giardia

Come through water or flood

18
Q

How are floods and waterborne disease outbreaks associated with one another?

A

Flood = outbreak of waterborne diseases

19
Q

What are the body parts that are affected by waterborne pathogens?

A
  1. GIT- diarrhea (almost all of them because they are enteric waterborne pathogens). Most of them because that is how they enter through our body.
  2. Brain –
  3. Eye –
  4. Ear - Otitis externa = pseudomonas externa; if you swim or take shower they can enter into your ear
  5. Lung –
  6. Liver -
  7. Kidney -
  8. Skin -
20
Q

Waterborne pathogens mainly attack what part of the body?

A

Waterborne viral pathogens mainly attack GIT (rotavirus and norovirus) & other vital organs (lung and eye, brain, liver, kidney, ear, wound, etc)

See slide and study ones highlighted in blue

Enterobacteriaceae –> GI
E.coli = kidney

almost all protozoa attack intestines such as crypto, giardia, and the like

21
Q

What are some characteristics of water-borne pathogens?

A

crypto have spore like structure that allow them to survive for long period of time in water.

Protozoa are chlorine resitant so we need to use other methods to clean.

22
Q

Waterborne disease outbreaks are common due to?

A

 pathogens and
 chemical contaminants

23
Q

Explain how waterborne disease outbreaks occur. What do they lead to?

A
24
Q

The pathogen that cause outbreaks may vary from time to time and each year among the 18 pathogens. Explain!
* Over 286 million Americans get their tap water from a community water system Implications of Waterborne Disease Estimates| Healthy Water | CDC
* The cause of waterborne illnesses vary from time to time as follows

A

Major cause of waterborne diseases is protozoa, particualrly crypto and giardia. In the last 5 years, this has changed and is now become legionellosis in USA.

aerosolized from mist

25
Q

Describe the burden and impact of the 18 waterborne pathogens in the USA.
7.15 million waterborne illnesses occur annually in the USA, resulting in:
 601,000 emergency department visits,
 118,000 hospitalizations, and
 6,630 deaths and
 incurring US $3.33 billion in direct health-care costs

A
26
Q

What are the five most common water-borne illnesses?

A

 Of the 18 waterborne pathogens, five cause the most common water-borne illnesses:
1. Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus cause Otitis externa in a ratio of 2:1
2. Norovirus causes GIT infection –> diarrhea. USA recognizes only one that causes problem from waterborne diseases.
3. Most hospitalizations and deaths are caused by biofilm-associated pathogens causing:
* pneumonia (nontuberculous mycobacteria marinae and avian?, Pseudomonas, Legionella), costing US $2.39 billion annually for each.

27
Q

Some waterborne disease can cause pandemics.

Vibrio is one of the most common bacteria that inhabit surface waters throughout the world and cause acute severe cholera, fatal gastroenteritis, wound infections/amputation, & septicemia/shock both in humans & animals –> pandemic

A
28
Q
A

curved-rod shape
G- bacteria
Vibrio

29
Q

How is water quality surveyed in the US?

A

The two surveillance approaches in the USA
1. Surveillance of 18 pathogens and 90 chemical contaminants in waterbodies
Or
2. Total coliform count in 100 ml water is widely used as indicator of quality since
monitoring each of 18 pathogens is tedious

30
Q

What are the limits of chemical and biological water pollutants?

A

heavy metals need 15 ppm or 15 ug per liter of water

31
Q

How does the USA determine what water is or is not appropriate to drink, swim, and/or boat in?

A
32
Q

How are waterborne diseases controlled and prevented?

A
  1. wastewater treatment for water purification using coagulation, membrane filtration,
    sedimentation, and disinfection
  2. Controlling wastes (manure, stool, & sewages) at animal and human level to control
    waterborne pathogens e. g. use toilet
  3. Control pathogen transmission through 7 Fs pathways
  4. Control pathogens in humans and animals e. g. vaccination, drugs
    Intervene pathogens in animals and humans by drugs and vaccines, properly treat
    and dispose fecal material and control the 7 Fs fecal-oral transmission pathways
33
Q

How are wastes sources controlled to prevent water pollution?

A
34
Q

Describe how water and wastewater is treated, purified, and recycled.

A

Different pore sizes, filtrations so tht the physical hazards on water are moved, filtered and then chlorine added to kill bacteria (not viruses and protozoa). What od you do? Add other interverntiosn such as UV or ozone treatment, filtrations throguh nanofiltration or rivers osmosis.

35
Q
A

First Year Veterinary School (43 decks)

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