Part 2-Esophagus-forestomachs-stomach Flashcards
- What condition is pictured below?
- In what species does this occur most often?
- Explain the pathogenesis.
- What happens as a result?
- PRAA
- Cattle and dogs occurs more often
- Left aortic arch is normally developed and the right one regresses. In some cases, right develops along with the left –> vascular ring between aorta and PA called ligamentum arteriosum –> megaesophagus.
Puppies will start to regurg and lose weight.
Die of aspiration pneumonia.
Congenital megaesophagus –persistent right aortic arch (vascular ring) -
puppy
Dilatation of esophagus will be cranial to the aorta. ?
PRAA
Esophagus is the large brown thing
Looking at left side
- What is a common sequelae of PRAA?
- What species is this most common in?
- What can this consequence also be a result of?
- Megaesophagus can also be acquired in cases of PRAA.
- This consequence is most common in dogs.
- It can be idiopathic or a manifestation of myasthenia gravis
A dog named Lucky was enjoying Thanksgiving dinner with his family. To make him feel like he was included, his mom gave me a potato wedge as a treat. Unfortunately, Lucky choked on this potato wedge and died. His owner permitted you to perform a necropsy and you see this. What is your diagnosis?
When an animal chokes
If animal swallows a potato whole or a pieve of corn –> condition called choke. Esophagus can not expand too much –> object gets stuck –> focal areas of necrosis –> poor vascular supply, ischemic injury. Linear area of necrosis in esophageal mucosa. Animals can not feed or drink properly.
- What condition can cause erosion and ulceration of the esophageal mucosa?
- What other species can this occur in?
- Reflux-esophagitis, horse aka heartburn
leakage of gastric contents in esophagus –> erosion and ulceration of esophageal mucosa. - can also occur in pigs and people.
What condition is pictured below?
Erosive-ulcerative esophagitis, BVD
- What condition is pictured below?
- What is the most common etiologic agent?
- What species is this commonly seen in?
- What does this condition result in?
- In what part of the body does this occur?
- Parasitic esophagitis:
- Spirocerca lupi in dogs
- Results in chronic (granulomatous) esophagitis (A) which occasionally lead to neoplastic transformation: formation of sarcomatous lesions (mainly osteosarcomas and fibrosarcomas).
- Occurs in distal esophagus
Common in south, and saint kitts?
A = benign
B = ulcerative and proliferative - malignant? relist4en
- What condition is pictured below?
- What is the etiologic agent?
RUSVM, 2014 – dog
1. Esophageal Osteosarcoma
2. S. lupi
Osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma have been described in cases of s. lupi
- What condition is this cow suffering from?
- What does this condition result in?
- Explain the pathogenesis.
- Bloat, tympany in a heifer, web.
- Distended left paralumbar fossa
- Ruminal tympany or bloat: “Over-
distention of the rumen and reticulum
by gases produced during
fermentation”.
A. Primary: Often associated with new diets (young alfalfa, clover, too much carbs)
that promote the formation of stable foam (frothy bloat).
B. Secondary: Caused by physical or
functional obstruction of the esophagus
resulting in failure to eructate (e.g.: vagus
indigestion, esophageal papillomas,
lymphosarcoma etc..)
Animals can die of cardiac failure.
Bloat, cow-AVC
Need to make sure this animal died recently because if animal has been siting for awhile they will become bloated.
Bloat, cow, AVC
You perform a necropsy on a cow that died from bloat. During the necropsy, you see this.
1. What is pictured below? How does this form?
2. What function does it serve?
3. How do you determine if the cause is ruminal bloat?
- “Bloat line” at the level of the thoracic inlet. Esophageal mucosa looks like a light blue on the right. Rumen is pushing thoracic viscera, so blood is pushed towards head and neck –> forms line.
- This s the most reliable post- mortem indicator of ante-mortem bloat, cow,
- Check pH of rumen, especially frothy bloat, is acidic (ruminal acidosis). If under 5.5 then it is most likely ruminal bloat.
What can be seen in the image below?
What species is this commonly found in?
What is this made of? What is another form of this that is composed mainly of plant material?
1-2. Trichobezoars (hairballs)– cattle, also found in dogs and cats.
- Are not as heavy as enteroliths (intestinal stones that form within the colon and can obstruct the intestine, resulting in colic) and are located in the forestomach and abomasum.
2. Hair, Phytobezoars or phytotrichobezoars → composed mainly of plant material impregnated with some phosphate salts may also be found in the colon of horses.
- What condition is pictured below?
- What is a secondary complication of this condition?
Foreign bodies
1. Traumatic reticulitis -cattle
2. Puncture diaphragm but can also puncture pericardium and heart –> pericarditis, endocarditis –> cardiac tamponade. Puncture lungs on occasion too.
What condition is pictured below?
What does this condition lead to?
What species is this condition most commonly seen in?
- Traumatic reticuloperitonitis (“hardware disease”, cow).
- Led to vagus indigestion and ruminal atony.
- What condition is pictured below?
Traumatic reticuloperitonitis
Chronic pericarditis and epicarditis is not an unusual complication. of?
?
Chemical rumenitis (lactic acidosis, grain overload), cattle
Damages ruminal epi
Destroys keratonuocytes
if we open rumen, we see the reticulum is normaly greenish but when damaged you se focal areas of ulceration. On hiso: nutrophilic busculs within the mucosa.
Complications of chemical ruminitis: bacteria can get into portal circulation –>
1. bacteremia (in cattle and sheep) —> liver abscesses (b/c portal vein enters liver) –> vena cava thrombosis (significant cause of death in feedlot cattle and also in dairy cattle occasionally). OR valvulaar endocarditis
- What condition is pictured below?
- What is this indicative of?
- What does this represent?
- What types of feed are more likely to cause chemical ruminitis?
- “stellate ulcers” (ruminal scars)
- Usually indicative of old bouts of chemical rumenitis.
If animal has suffered from bouts of chemical rumenitis and survives –> ruminal scars.
- Represents healed areas of ulceration. Proliferation of CT and formation of scars.
- Grain overload.
What is pictured below?
6-month-old heifer, history of grain overload. AVC-1998
Several animals in herd developed bloating, inappetence, ruminal atony, etc.
One of the treatments for chemical rumenitis = rumenectom. Open rumen, take out all of ruminal contents b/c very acidic and then replace ruminal content with fresh ruminal content from slaughter house and close. In some cases this is effective treatment, but in other situations –> peritonitis. This is what they saw in the room. Areas of ulceration in the rumen containing necrotic caseous material. Proliferation of fungi, not just bacteria, from ruminal contents –> mycotic ruminitis. Some animals do not recover from this –> euthanize.
Fungi like blood vessels and produce thrombosis –> ischemic injury.
In this case, Rupture of wall of rumen –> periotonitis.
Stomach/ Abomasum
◼ Gastric dilatation, volvulus & displacement
◼ Gastric impaction/ rupture
◼ Gastro-duodenal ulceration
◼ Inflammation:
Uremic gastritis
Bacterial gastritis/ abomasitis
Mycotic gastritis/ abomasitis
Parasitic gastritis
◼ Gastric Neoplasia
Squamous cell carcinoma –horses
Lymphosarcoma, cattle, horses etc..
What condition is pictured below?
We see this more commonly in pigs, especially sows.
Have very long gastrosplenic ligament. If eat a lot of food or drink a lot of water. Torsion of stomach along the gastrosplenic ligament. Involvement of stomach but also involvement of the spleen.
What condition is pictured below?
Gastric dilatation-volvulus, dog
If not taken immediately to surgery –> death.
Stomach in this case is turned 180 degrees.
Venous infarction of stomach, spleen.
In pigs: Somtimes after feeding or drinking, get excited and fight, develop this.