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First Year Veterinary School > Immunology-Material From Exam 3 To Final > Flashcards

Immunology-Material From Exam 3 To Final Flashcards

1
Q

What is Autoimmunity?

A 
Autoimmunity results from a
failure of self-tolerance
allowing activation of self-
reactive T and B lymphocytes,
which may produce tissue
pathology and clinical
autoimmune disease.
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2
Q

What percentage of T and B cell receptors recognize self antigens?

A

20-50%

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3
Q

What factors may be related to autoimmunity?

A

Sex, age and virus.

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4
Q

What are the specific mechanisms of autoimmunity?

A

Unknown

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5
Q

What is an example of microchimerism?

A

Scleroderma- Autoimmune disease that can occur in pregnant women and can trigger immune response (Graft vs. host.)

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6
Q

What is the component being targeted in Autoimmune thyroiditis?

A

Ab against Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)

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7
Q

What is the component being targeted in Insulin dependent Diabetes mellitus ?

A

Ab against glutamic acid decarboxylase

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8
Q

What is the component being targeted in Lymphocytic pancreatitis?

A

Lymphocyte infiltration

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9
Q

What is the component being targeted in Equine polyneuritis?

A

Sacral and coccygeal nerves

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10
Q

What is the component being targeted in Canine polyneuritis?

A

Bite or scratch from raccoon

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11
Q

What is the component being targeted in Equine uveitis?

A

Leptospira interrogans (Uveodermatological syndrome

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12
Q

What is the differences between pemphigus foliaceus, pemphigus vulgaris, and bullous pemphigoid.

A

Location.
Pemphagus foliaceus: Most superficial layers of epidermis ( Ab is against squamous cell desmosomes) ( Hyperkeratotic and crusty foot pads)
pemphagus vulgaris- In between epidermis and basement membrane.
Bullous pemphigoid: Between basement membrane and dermis (deeper in skin) (antibody against type XVII collagen) (kitty with crusty skin below ear, dog with green ocular discharge and crusty nose)

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13
Q

what is the response of autoantibodies to RBC antigens?

A

Autoantigens to RBC antigens provoke destruction and cause IMHA (Caused by intravascular lysis)

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14
Q

What is the response of autoimmune thrombocytopenia?

A

ITP: Patients are at risk for spontaneous hemorrhage anywhere in the body. Ab is against platelet antigens.

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15
Q

What is the pathogenesis of mayasthenia gravis?

A

Destruction of acetylcholine receptors prevents effective neuromuscular transmission. Blockage of cholinesterase activity by anticholinesterase drugs permits acetylcholine to accumulate and so enhances neuromuscular transmission. Drug: Mestinon (pyridostimine bromide).

Megaesphagus occurs in these patients as well. ( Lack of muscular control)

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16
Q

What is the antibodies against in systemic lupus erythematous?

A 
Nuclei acids
ribonucleoprotiens
chromatin
histones
Drugs, viral infections, genetic influences, defects in apoptosis.
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17
Q

What does the autoimmune antibodies cause in SLE that lead to clinical signs?

A

T cell abnormalities. (Which leads to abnormal TCR signaling, Reduced IL-2 production, Increased IL-17 / IL-6, Increased CD 44 expression and Reduced T reg cells. ) all of this leads to excessive B cell activity and multiple autoantibodies.

18
Q

Who is more commonly affected by SLE?

A

Horses, dogs and cats.

19
Q

What is some associations with development of SLE?

A

Drugs, viral infections, genetic influences, defects in apoptosis.Bacterial DNA, TLR 7 and TLR9, Increase INF-alpha, and UV radiation.

20
Q

What is an allograft? How long does it take to be rejected?

A

Graft from same species, 1-2 weeks

21
Q

What is an autograft? How long does it take to be rejected?

A

Graft from self . Not rejected.

22
Q

What is an xenograft? How long does it take to be rejected?

A

Trans species graft (Rejected within hours)

23
Q

What is an isografts? How long does it take to be rejected?

A

Between twins. Chimerism is also another one that allows grafts.

24
Q

In terms of histocompatibility antigens, how long does it take for a rejection when there is a compatible blood group and an unmatched MHC?

A

12 days

25
Q

In terms of histocompatibility antigens, how long does it take for a rejection when the MHC I is compatible?

A

25 days

26
Q

In terms of histocompatibility antigens, how long does it take for a rejection when the MHC II is compatible?

A

32 days

27
Q

In terms of histocompatibility antigens, how long does it take for a rejection when the MHC I and MHC II is compatible?

A

80 days

28
Q

In terms of kidney rejection, what is the timeframe of rejection for a hyperacute rejection?

A

48 hours

29
Q

In terms of kidney rejection, what is the timeframe of rejection for an accelerated rejection?

A

7 days

30
Q

In terms of kidney rejection, what is the timeframe of rejection for an acute rejection?

A

> 7 days

31
Q

In terms of kidney rejection, what is the timeframe of rejection for a chronic rejection?

A

Several months

32
Q

What are some innate mechanisms that cause further graft damage?

A

Graft damage occurs (Caused by natural killer cells and complement) which causes the release of cytokines and inflammatory mediators, as well as DAMPs. The release of these products triggers neutrophil and macrophage interaction. This triggers further release of DAMPs, thus prolonging the immune response.

33
Q

What is the cause of Destruction of grafts via the humoral and cellular immune response?

A

Graft antigens are presented to both host and donor APCs, which present to the Host T cells triggering humoral immune response.

34
Q

What is the results of presentation of graft antigens to host t cells and triggering of humoral and cellular immune response.

A
  • Destruction of endothelial cells ( endothelial cells are present in blood vessels, which cause hemorrhage, platelet aggregation, thrombosis, cytotoxic cytokines (TNF-a, apoptosis), and macrophage activation.
    No blood supply to graft if blood vessels are damaged.
35
Q

What are the stress cells that are given off by Natural Killer cells?

A

MICA / MICB

36
Q

What are some immunosuppressive drugs?

A

Azathioprine, Prednisone, Cyclosporine, Leflunomide

37
Q

What organs are not in contact with the immune system?

A

Brain and Testes

38
Q

What is graft vs. host disease?

A

reaction to graft tissue. Can result in severe cutaneous erythematous lesions on face, body ect.

39
Q

What is the major concern for xenografts?

A
  1. ) Transfer of zoonotic disease

2. ) High rate of rejection.

40
Q

What allografts from the reproductive system result in immunosuppression?

A

Seminal plasma and prostatic fluid.

41
Q

What are some of the immunosuppressive factors that prevent rejection of the fetus by the mothers immune system?

A
  • Human Leukocyte Antigen E = MHC Ib (HLA-E) (Mother): Inhibits NK cell attack
  • Indoleamine dioxygenase (IDO) (Mother): Produces degradation of tryptophan
  • Decay Accelerating factor (DAF) (Mother): Inhibits C3 convertase
  • Membrane Cofactor protein (MCP) (Placenta):Inhibits complement receptors

First Year Veterinary School (43 decks)

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