Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

First Year Veterinary School > Histology- From Exam 3 to final > Flashcards

Histology- From Exam 3 to final Flashcards

1
Q

Why should you not inject drugs into legs of birds?

A

This is because drugs will be diverted through kidney immediately befoer your drug has had a chance to work. Normally pectoral system is ideal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is an issue with coelomic epithelium, pronephric or mesonephric epithelium in lower vertebrates?

A

less efficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the large pink structures indicated with the arrow?

A

Thyroid follicle ( Hormones are here bound to extracellular pool of protien)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the trophic hormones of the pars distalis?

A

GH, Prolactin, LH, FSH, ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why is the urinary system important?

A

Without urinary system their are very limited ways to get rid of wastes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is some histological / anatomical differences of reptiles? (Chelonians)

A
  • Have urinary bladder
  • Tortoises can collect and reabsorb water ( like a canteen)
  • Turtles reabsorb Na + helps with flotation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why is the urethra surrounded by the external striated muscle sphincter? What kind of muscle is it?

A

Voiding must be voluntary. Skeletal muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the 5 layers of the cornea?

A

Anterior epithelium

Basement Membrane

Substantia propria ( corneal stroma)

Posterior limiting (descements) membrane

Posterior epithelium ( corneal endothelium)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the job of the neurophypophysis?

A

The site for hormone storage and release. (site of hormone secreting neurons are located in hypothalamus) ( NO SYNTHESIS HERE)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What kind of arteries are found in the glomerulus?

A

Afferent & efferent arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a negative feedback mechanism?

A

Products of stimulated cell inhibit further hormone secretion.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is paracrine signaling?

A

Substance is released by cells and affects cells within short distance.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What maintains the ventral portion of the middle ear?

A

tympanic bulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a common site of hyperplasia/ neoplasia in older horses ( and sometimes dogs)?

A

adenohypophysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the role of PTH?

A

Increases blood calcium concentration

This causes bone to activate osteoclasts, intestines to absorb calcuim, and kidneys to block reabsorption of phosphorus and enhance reabsorption of calcium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What can you find in the visceral layer of the bowmans capsule?

A

Podocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What kind of cells are found between glomerular capillaries? What do they do?

A

Mesangial cells. They are phagocytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What cell type is found within the thick capsules of the kidney?

A

mesothelial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the arrow pointing to in this image of thyroid gland?

A

C cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the function of the adrenal medulla?

A 
synthesize catecholamines (epinephrine [adrenaline],
norepinephrine [noradrenaline], and dopamine.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What stimulates erythropoetin production in the kidneys?

A

Decreased oxygen saturation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What kind of glands ( not specific types, just overall) are found in the endocrine system?

A

Ductless Glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the zones labeled by the numbers in this image?

A
  1. ) Zona Glomerulosa
  2. ) Zona Fasciculate
  3. ) Zona Reticularis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the function of the aqueous humor?

A

Formed by non-pigmented cells of the ciliary processes

• Nourishes cornea (glucose)

• Maintains intraocular pressure and therefore some of
the ocular shape

  • CONSTANT DRAINAGE required
  • GLAUCOMA – increase in intraocular pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is gout?

A

build up of uric acid in tissues. Uric crystals build up and damage not only kidneys but other tissues. Can be caused by dehydration.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the tapetum lucidum?

A
  • light reflecting layer that can be of either cellular or fibrous type. This layer is absent in swine and in humans. This light reflecting layer is believe to increase light perception under conditions of poor illumination (superior night vision)
  • present in nocturnal animals, especially carnivores, and in some deep sea animals.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are some histological/ anatomical differences in Bird urinary systems?

A

Kidney: Cortical (Reptilian)

  • Smaller Glomerulus (dense mesangium)
  • No loop of henlee

Medullary: Mammalian

  • Larger glomerulus with loop of henry

NO RENAL PELVIS

SPINAL NERVES RUN THROUGH KIDNEY

Ureter: Pesudostratified columnar cilliated epithelium

NO URINARY BLADDER (Urodeum in cloaca)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is cranial nerve 8?

A

vestibulochoclear nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Why is the presence of spinal nerves in the kidneys of birds important clinically?

A

Kidney disease can cause pressure on nerves and cause issues walking/ paralysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the cells in this image?

A

Chief cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Parathyroid gland cells are arranged….

A

in dense cords/ nests around abundant capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are hematological indicators of kidney function?

A

BUN and Creatnine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What hormones does the Adenohypophysis release:?

A

TSH - Stimulates thyroid to release thyroid hormone (ie. T3, T4)
PRL- acts on mammary glands to stimulate milk production
FSH/ LH : Acts on gonads to stimulated development of gametes.
GH- acts on all body tissue (especially connective tissue) to stimulate growth
ACTH - Acts on adrenal cortex to produce corticosteroids (ie. cortisol)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the normal cortex medulla ratio ?

A

1:1(2):1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the function of the ear?

A
  1. Collect auditory stimuli
  2. Transduce the mechanical stimuli
  3. Transmit nerve impulses to CNS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is some histological / physical differences of amphibians?

A

Histological:

  • Glomerular line rather than cortex vs medulla
  • Hematopoietic tissue in kidney

Physiological:

Nitrogen excreted as:

  • Ammonia (aquatic stages/species)
  • Urea (terrestrial stages/species)
  • Uric acid (arboricoral species – tree frogs)
  • Unable to concentrate urine
    Plasma= urine (USG not helpful)

Frogs have urinary bladders. Will also void immediately when being lifted.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the cell indicated by the black line in this photo?

A

Ganglion cell (looks like a neuron)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is this black arrow pointing at?

A

Residual Rathkes pouch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the renal pelvis and what does it become?

A

Pseudostratified columnar to transitional epithelium

  • Becomes the ureter (1 per kidney)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is this epithelium? Where is it?

A

Transitional

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is this arrow pointing at?

A

Parathyroid gland sitting on top of thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the three tunics of the eye? What can you find in each?

A

Fiberous tunic (sclera/ cornea)

vascular tunic ( iris, cilliary body, choroid)

Retina (pigmented layer, neural layer)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What cells of adenohypophysis are considered basophils?

A
  • ACTH, TSH, FSH, LH
  • Basophilic granules in cytoplasm.

Pars intermedia and pars tuberalis are composed mostly of basophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the different poles of the glomerulus?

A

Urinary pole: More urine is accumulated in this area

Vascular pole: Area where the cells of the glomerulus meet the surrounding cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is the black line indicating in this image?

A

Chromaffin cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What type of cells are present in the thyroid?

A

Follicular cells ( produce T3/T4 and secretion stimulated by TSH)

Parafollicular cells ( C cells ) which produce calcitonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What is an indication you are looking at a feline kidney?

A

Abundant adipose tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are the layers of the urethra?

A

Mucosa: Transitional epithelium to stratified squamous to skin. Lamina propria

Adventitia: loose connective tissue

Surrounded by external striated muscle sphincter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What are the layers of the ureter?

A

Mucosa (transitional epithelium)

  • LP often very thin, mucus glands in first bit of ureter in horses

Muscularis (muscular layer)

  • smooth muscle (inner longitudinal, middle circular, outer longitudinal (not as distinct)

Adventitia

  • Loose connective tissue sometimes with adipocytes.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

What is the order from least toxic to most toxic of the product of breaking down nitrogen?

A
  1. ) Urea
  2. ) Uric Acid
  3. ) Ammonia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What is the brown color caused by in this image?

A

Uroplakins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What are these arrows pointing at ?

A

Tubules filled with uric acid (BIRDS CAN DIE FROM GOUT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What does Renin do? What is the result?

A

Renin- Cleaves angiotensinogen to result in angiotensin. This will increase blood pressure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What is the difference between a distal convoluted tubule and a proximal convoluted tubule in the kidneys?

A

Proximal convoluted has a brush border (microvilli)

Distal Convoluted tubules do not have a brush border

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers produced by endocrine cells and deliver to target cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

How much hormone is stored within the thyroid follicle?

A

several weeks worth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What are the arrows pointing at?

A

A.) Cortex

B.) Medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What is important about kidney tissue in amphibians?

A

Kidney is more important than bone marrow. Their is hematopoietic tissue in kidney.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

What is inflammation of the cornea called?

A

Keratitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

What is the name of epithelium which invaginates into capillaries?

A

Bowmans capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

What is some histological / anatomical differences of reptiles? (Snakes)

A
  • Males Sexual segment of kidney

protien + lipid secretion= copulatory plug

regresses with castration (androgen dependent)

  • no urinary bladder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

What is included in the renal corpuscle?

A

Glomerulus + Bowman’s capsule + extras

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

What does the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorb?

A
  • Water
  • Protiens
  • Electrolytes

** RICH IN FAT IN CATS***

*** LONGER THAN DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULES ***

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

What is produced in the zon fasciculata? What stimulates it?

A

Production of mineralocorticoids hormones (Aldosterone), which maintain sodium and
potassium levels in extracellular body fluid. Stimulated by ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What do collecting ducts become? What happens at the papilla?

A

Collecting ducts become papillary ducts. These ducts open onto renal pelvis at the papilla.

  • Simple to pseudostratified columnar epithelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What are the arrows pointing at in this picture?

A

Proximal Convoluted tubules

67
Q

What else is produced by the kidney?

A

Erythropoietin

68
Q

What is a meibomian gland tumor? Are they malignant?

A

Often benign adenomas

69
Q

Why don’t birds have urinary bladders?

A

Expell to stay lighter for flight

70
Q

What controls the ammount of light that the retina is exposed to?

A

Sphincter pupillae muscle ( Parasympathetic innervation)

Dialator Pupillae muscle ( Sympathetic innervation)

71
Q

What is sokme histological / anatomical differences of reptiles? (Lizards)

A
  • urinary bladder in some species
  • colon runs between kidneys in iguanas (Nephromegaly may result in colonic obstruction)
72
Q

What connects the neurohypophysis to the hypothalamus?

A

infundibular stalk

73
Q

What is the pituitary gland referred to as and why?

A

The pituitary is often called the “master gland” of the body because it produces
hormones that regulate other endocrine glands, as well as, have direct effects on
target tissues

74
Q

What are the layers of the urinar bladder?

A

Mucosa ( transitional)

  • LP/ Sub mucosa (separated by thin musclularis mucosa)

Muscularis

  • Smooth muscle ( inner longitudinal, middle circular, outer longitudinal)

Serosa ( mesothelial cells)

Adventitia(neck): Loose connective tissue

75
Q

What innervates the cilliary body?

A

Cranial nerve III (ocular motor nerve)

76
Q

What produces mucus in the ureter of the bird?

A

no goblet cells, epithelium produces mucus on own.

77
Q

What is the corneoscleral junction?

A

limbus ( its microvasculature provide metabolites for cornea)

78
Q

Why is there muscle in the urethra?

A

needs muscle to help movement of urine, gravity helps but needs peristalisis like movement of urine to void from renal pelvis.

79
Q

What is the arrow pointing to in this image of thyroid gland?

A

Follicular cells

80
Q

What is included in the renal pyramid?

A

Cortex + Medulla + Papilla

81
Q

What is glaucoma? Is it permenant?

A

Increase of intraocular pressure due to decrease of aqueous fluid drainage, can cause blindness/ vision impairment due to compression of retina.

  • It is permenant, nerve cells will not regenerate.
82
Q

When looking at histological sections of the kidneys cortex what are the green arrows and what are being labeled with the orange arrows?

A

Green arrow: Pars Convoluta - longitudinal

Orange Arrow: Pars Radiata

83
Q

What is an important landmark of zona fasciculata?

A

Thickest layer

84
Q

What is the function of chromaffin cells and what are their key histological characteristics?

A

modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons that secrete catecholamines
(epinephrine or norepinephrine).

  • Clusters and irregular trabeculae of polygonal cells with granular, basophilic cytoplasm
85
Q

What is the functions of the urinary system?

A
  • Maintain composition of body fluids at a
    homeostatic constant
  • Remove waste
  • Protein metabolism waste: nitrogen
86
Q

What are the glands that are part of the endocrine system?

A
  • Pituitary
  • Adrenal
  • Thyroid
  • Parathyroid
87
Q

What is the cornea?

A

is the anterior portion of the
eye. This is an avascular, transparent
convex-concave lens.
- remarkable regeneration capacity

  • has 5 layers
  • Richly supplied by sensory nerves ( opthalmic branch of cranial nerve V)
88
Q

What are the major components of the cochlear duct?

A

Tectorial membrane – vibrated by sound wave energy

Organ of Corti
- Hair cells – Stereocilia

  • Phalangeal cells – support
  • Pillar cells – moved by sound wave energy and displace hair cells against tectorial membrane.

Basilar membrane – vibrated by sound wave energy

Stria vascularis – produces endolymph

89
Q

What is important to note about turtles?

A

They will void bladder the moment you lift it so be ready if sample collection is needed.

90
Q

Where are photoreceptors located? what will lesions in the visual pathway cause?

A

Retina

Blindness/ vision impairment

91
Q

What is the pars intermedia?

A

an interface between pars distalis and neurohypophysis that contains neumorous colloid protien filled cysts ( known as rathkes cysts)

92
Q

What is the job of adenohypophysis?

A

Glandular cells synthesize and release hormones, which is controlled by neurons in hypothalamus. Releasing and inhibiting hormones are released by hypothalamic neurons and passed into adenohypophysis through portal system

93
Q

What determines uni- multilobar kidneys?

A

Uteric duct

94
Q

What is T4 and T3 bound to?

A

Thyroglobulin

95
Q

What are the arrows pointing to in this image?

A

Glomeruli

96
Q

What is the sequence of renal embryology and the animals which stop at each step?

A

Pronephros: All vertebrates

Mesonephros: Fish, Amphibians (less function)

Metanephros: Reptiles, Birds, Mammals ( Most evolved, most function)

97
Q

What is the function of the endocrine system?

A

regulates growth, reproduction, metabolic activities and constantly works to maintain homeostasis through hormone action.

98
Q

What is the renal portal system in birds?

A

Brings blood from lower legs, lower body, and hind gut. Amt is species dependant, and Adrenalin diverts blood bypassing kidneys.

99
Q

What is the arrow pointing at?

A

Colloid (protein)-filled cysts (Rathke’s pouch

100
Q

What is the kidney capsule made of?

A

Fiberous connective tissue, removable at necropsy or dissection.

101
Q

What are iridic granules or corpora nigra?

A

are present in equids and ruminants at the dorsal and ventral pupillary margins. Their function is to protect the eyes from the damaging effects of bright sunligh

102
Q

What is a very broken down explaination to each part of urinary system?

A

Kidneys- Filter blood to remove waste

Ureters- Move filtered waste (urine) to bladder

Bladder- Stores Urine

Urethra- releases urine from the body

103
Q

What are the sinusoidal capillaries?

A

Extensive network that receives hormones from acidophils and basophils

104
Q

What determines eye color?

A

• Pigment or iridial melanin present in the stromal cells determines eye color.

105
Q

What is the function of the thyroid gland?

A

Produce T3 and T4, which acts on almost all cells of body increasing metabolic rate. Also produces calcitonin (which decreases blood calcium concentration)

106
Q

What kind of capillaries are in the nephrons? What is on top of the capillaries?

A

Fenestrated Capillaries, Podocytes sit on top

107
Q

What are the parts of the cochlear apparatus?

A

Vestibularcochlear nerve

Spiral ganglia

Scala vestibuli

cochlear duct

scala tympani

108
Q

What has long axons that extend into pars nervousa?

A

Hypothalamus

109
Q

What is the macula densa?

A

Segment of tubule between afferent and efferent arteries close to glomerular vascular pole with specialized epitheliym ( which will tell juxtaglomerular apparatus if it must produce renin to increase blood pressure)

110
Q

What is the names of the lense layers from most external to most internal?

A
  1. ) Lens capsule
  2. ) Lens epithelium, simple columnar
  3. ) Differentiating Lens fibers
  4. ) Mature lense fibers
111
Q

What is the Juxtaglomerular apparatus?

A

segment of afferent artery where smooth muscle is replaced by modified cells that produce renin

112
Q

Which urine is more irritating? Birds or Mammals?

A

Bird urine is rich in uric acid which makes it more irritating the mammalian urine

113
Q

What are 2 parenchymal cells associated with the parathyroid gland?

A

Chief cells: produce parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- Oxyphil cells: function not known, likely an inactive chief cell. Contains eosinophilic granular cytoplasm (large numbers of mitochondria).

114
Q

What is indicated by the white arrowtop in this image?

A

Collecting duct

115
Q

What do distal convoluted tubules become? What is their function?

A

Distal convoluted tubules become collecting ducts

  • Simple cuboidal to columnar epithelium
  • Regulate K excretion/reabsorption
116
Q

What is the loop of henle and what does it absorb?

A

Cuboidal - Squamous – Cuboidal epithelia
(descending, loop, ascending) ! Water + Na, Cl & other electrolytes

117
Q

What is produced in the zona reticularis? What stimulates its production?

A
  • Sex hormones (androgens). Stimulated by ACTH
118
Q

What animals have smooth muscle underneath their kidney capsule?

A

Horse

Dog

Pig

Ruminant

119
Q

What kind of axons are present in the pars nervousa?

A

non myelinated.

120
Q

What is the lacrimal gland?

A

Tear film moistures, lubricate, and protect the eyes.

◦ Lacrimal glands have tubuloalveolar acini composed of secretory cells filled with small granules.

◦ Myoepithelial cells are present at the bas

121
Q

What is the purpose of location of kidney and its parts?

A 
close proximity between blood and
filtration units (glomeruli
122
Q

What is the loop of henle?

A
  • Cuboidal - Squamous – Cuboidal epithelia (descending, loop, ascending)
  • Water reabsorption continues
123
Q

What is the germ layer of the trigone in the bladder?

A

Mesoderm

124
Q

What is the germ layer of the urinary system?

A

Mesoderm mostly, bladder and urethra epithelium is endoderm ( transitional cells)

125
Q

What will most of the baldder wall have?

A

Smooth muscle

126
Q

What is autocrine signaling?

A

Substance is released and affects same cells.

127
Q

Who is more susceptible to inner ear infections? What is the concern about middle ear infections?

A

Pigs. Middle ear infections can ascend into inner ear and cause meningitis/ encephalitis.

128
Q

What protien waste metabolism product is excreted in each species listed?

  1. ) Exotics
  2. ) Fish
  3. ) Mammals
A
  1. ) Exotics- Uric acid
  2. ) Fish- Ammonia
  3. ) Mammals- Urea
129
Q

What does the urinary space lead to ?

A

lumen of proximal convoluted tubule

Star = urinary space

130
Q

What are the cells being pointed at?

A

Pituicytes: glial-like cells, supporting cells

131
Q

What is produced in the zona glomerulosa in the adrenal cortex? What is it stimulated by?

A

roduction of mineralocorticoids hormones (Aldosterone), which maintain sodium and
potassium levels in extracellular body fluid. Stimulated by angiotensin II

132
Q

What are the parts of the vascular tunic?

A

Iridocorneal angle

A. Iris is located anterior to the lens; separates the anterior and posterior chambers.

B. Ciliary Body: suspends the lens, contains smooth muscle for accommodation; has processes covered by secretory epithelium.

C. Choroid: provides vascular supply to the optical retina. Contains pigment and, in many species, the TAPETUM LUCIDUM.

133
Q

In the glomerulus, what does basement membrane do and what type of collagen makes up the glomerulus?

A

Basement membrane is involved in filtration.

Collagen type IV ( window screen like)

134
Q

What are filtration slits?

A

Areas between podocyte pedicles.

They regulate passage of many small protiens

135
Q

What are the divisions of the ear?

A

External: auricle/ pinna + external auditory meatus

Middle ear: tympanic cavity. Connected to pharynx through eustachian tube.

Inner ear: Composed of membranous labyrinth enclosed in temporal bone. (Hearing + equilibrium)

136
Q

What cells are in the adrenal medulla?

A
  • Chromaffin cells
  • Ganglion cells
  • Medullary Cells
137
Q

What kind of capillaries are typically found in the endocrine glands?

A

Fenestrated ( facilitates diffusion of hormones into blood)

138
Q

What is endocrine signaling?

A

Substance is released and enters circulation and travels a long distance to reach their target cell.

139
Q

Name the labeled areas.

A

A.) loop of henle

B.) Papillary Ducts

3.) (Both red arrows) are RBC’s within capillaries

140
Q

What is the function of pars distalis in the adenohypophysis?

A

Produce, store and release trophic hormones in
response to hypothalamic-pituitary-target organ
axis

141
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there?

A

Usually 4 ( 2 external, 2 internal).

142
Q

What is the function of the adrenal cortex?

A

synthesize steroid hormones (corticosteroids).

143
Q

what is a distal convoluted tubule?

A

Cuboidal epithelium no brush border
- Reabsorption of electrolytes

144
Q

Why is nitrogen broken down into its least toxic form for excretion?

A

More toxic requires more water to excrete in less toxic way.

145
Q

What is the difference histologically between Acidophils and Basophils?

A
  • Acidophils will stain pink, basophils will stain purple.
146
Q

What is albinism?

A

partial or total lack of melanin pigment.

Albinos have melanocytes but lack genes for tyrosinase

  • from recessive alleles
  • Albinos more susceptible to light induced retinopathy
  • Red eyes from total lack of melanin, hb in rbc
147
Q

What is the specific functions of the kidneys?

A
  • Electrolyte, water & acid-base balances
    Na, K, P, Ca
  • Excretion of waste & excess water

-Excretion of bioactive substances (drugs)
Pre-metabolized or not

  • Renin secretion*

Angiotensinogen cleaved into angiotensin I. Blood pressure regulation. Fluid + electrolytes + waste through glomerulus. Water & electrolytes reabsorbed in tubules

  • Erythropoietin secretion*

Response to low O2, stimulates RBC production/maturation

  • Vitamin D metabolism (activation)
  • Gluconeogenesis to help the liver.

During starvation or fasting: aa’s to glucose

148
Q

What is the function of the sclera?

A

◦ Protects of the eye

◦ Maintains the shape of the eye

◦ Provides insertion points for tendons of extraocular muscles

149
Q

What are the three hormone classifications. What is an example of each?

A
  • Proteins and Polypeptides (insulin, glucagon, FSH)
  • Amino acid derivatives (thyroxine, and epinephrine)
  • Steroids and fatty acids (progesterone, estradiol, and testosterone.
150
Q

What forms a protective barrier in transitional uroepithelium?

A

Uroplakins - which are protien membranes, impermiable but flexible, and can be identified with IHC. Helpful for tumor identification

151
Q

What cells of adenohypophysis are considered acidophils?

A

Growth Hormone and Prolactin

Eosinophilic granules in cytoplasm.

152
Q

What are the parts of the Glomerular filtration barrier?

A
  • Endothelium (fenestrated capillary)
  • Basement membrane
    Shared endothelium+podocyte
  • Filtration slits
    Between podocyte pedicles
153
Q

What does the neurohypophysis (pars nervousa) contain?

A
  • mainly axons from hypothalamic neurons, but stores + secretes oxytocin and antidiuretic hormones.
154
Q

What is the prominant cell in the adenohypophysis?

A

Melanotrophs

(which secrete melanocyte stimulating hormone MSH)

155
Q

What does the pituitary gland develop from?

A

Neural (diencephalon ) (becomes neurohypophysis) and the Oral (rathkes pouch) ( becomes adenohypophysis) ectoderm

156
Q

What does non pigmented cells of cilliary body do?

A

Nonpigmented = ion transporting, moving fluid from vascular stroma to posterior chamber ( Forming aqueous humor)

157
Q

What is the hormones released by the neurohypophysis?

A

Oxytocin, Antidiuretic hormone.

158
Q

What is the lense?

A
  • Clear biconvex structure containing a capsule, anterior epithelium,
    and lens fibers or body.

• Formed by epithelial cells which elongate by forming lens fibers.

• The lens is suspended by the zonular fibers from the ciliary
processes.

• The lens has an EQUATOR in the same plane as the equator of the
eyeball.

  • The lens loses its vascular supply after development.
  • The lens grows throughout life.
  • WHEN THINGS GO WRONG: Lenticular sclerosis and cataracts are common defects.
159
Q

What kind of feedback mechanism does the anterior adenohypophysis use?

A

Negative feedback mechanism, Neurohypophysis does not.

160
Q

What is the carea cribrosa?

A

The combined nerve fiber layers converge on the optic disk to form the optic
nerve which penetrates the sclera via several perforations known as the area cribrosa.

161
Q

What are ceruminous glands?

A

Located within the skin of the external acoustic canal

  • Simple, coiled, tubular apocrine glands
  • Ear wax, also known as cerumen, is a mixture of viscous secretions from sebaceous glands, sloughed skin cells, and less-viscous ones from modified apocrine sweat glands (ceruminous glands)

This will trap foreign materials

162
Q

How many parts are there to the sensory/ optical retina?

A

10 layers. Optical retina is held in place by vitreous body.

163
Q

What is the portion within the dotted lines? What is the purple arrow indicating?

A

Dotted line: Macula densa

Purple arrow: Juxtaglomerular cells

164
Q

Label all parts of the hypophysis of the pituitary gland

A

a. ) Pars Nervousa
b. ) Pars Distalis

C) Stalk

D.) Pars Tuberalis

E.) Hypothalamus

F.) Pars Intermedia

First Year Veterinary School (43 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions