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First Year Veterinary School > Immunology- Exam # 1 > Flashcards

Immunology- Exam # 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is innate immunity?
Adaptive immunity?

A

Innate: Rapid initial protection, present from birth.
Adaptive: Prolonged, effective, acquired ( mainly directed against bacterial invaders)

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2
Q

What is cell mediated immunity?

A

Mainly directed against viruses. Adaptive immune response.

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3
Q

What was the importance of the study involving Cowpox?

A

Farmers exposed to cow pox survived small pox. Researches studied cowpox to create smallpox vaccine. They took lesions from cows to inoculate individuals.

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4
Q

Who discovered the small pox vaccine?

A

Edward Jenner (1798)

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5
Q

What was the significance of Pasteur’s cholera experiment?

A

Modified vaccine/ aged vaccine is not pathogenic, but stimulates immune response enough to create Abs. Gave aged p multocida to chickens, then gave them fresh virus and survived. Those who were not previously inoculated died

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6
Q

What is the order of the bodies defenses against invading microorganisms?

A

Physical barriers ( skin, tears, normal flora) —-> innate immunity (defensins, lysozomes) —-> adaptive immunity (antibody production)

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7
Q

What is the difference between plasma and serum?

A

Serum is devoid of clotting factors

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8
Q

What kind of transfusion would be most beneficial to thrombocytopenic patients?

A

Plasma transfusions vs. PRBC due to availability of clotting factors.

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9
Q

What are disadvantages of plasma transfusions from inoculated animals?

A
  • Anaphylaxis/ other cell mediated responses.
  • Transmission of other diseases.
  • No lasting immunity
  • Animal does not create own Ab’s so it can be susceptible later.
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10
Q

How long can memory cells live? Where in the body are they located?

A
  • Human memory cells can last 70 years. They are located in bone marrow, memory causes quicker/ stronger immune response.
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11
Q

What can improve success of skin grafts ( foreign)?

A
  • Use of littermate donor
  • Same breed donor
  • Immunosuppressive drugs
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12
Q

What Cell is this? What is important information?

A

Neutrophil (Heterophils in birds)

  • Myeloid lineage
  • Segmented nucleus, granular cytoplasm
  • Acute Bacterial
  • Myeloid zones are where neutrophils grow
  • Lasts 42- 72 hours
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13
Q

What Cell is this? What is important information?

A

Basophil

  • Lasts days
  • Blue/ Purple basophilic granules
  • Myeloid lineage
  • Mediator of inflammation
  • Degranulation
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14
Q

What Cell is this? What is important information?

A

Eosinophil

  • Granulocyte
  • Myeloid Lineage
  • Antiparasitic, Antiviral, allergies
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15
Q

What Cell is this? What is important information?

A

Monocytes

  • Mononuclear phagocytes
  • myeloid lineage
  • large round kidney shaped nucleus containing vacuoles
  • Precoursers of macrophages and DC’s
  • Limited antimicrobial function in blood
  • Lasts days
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16
Q

What Cell is this? What is important information?

A

Macrophages

  • Name changes w/ location
  • Fxn remains the same
  • myeloid lineage
  • peripheral tissues
  • immune survailence, antimicrobial capacity, antigen presentation
  • detects threatsm releases inflammatory mediators, phagocytosis
  • Lasts months.
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17
Q

What Cell is this? What is important information?

A

Dendritic Cells

  • DCs in skin- Langerhaan cells
  • DCs (inflammatory) conventional
  • myeloid lineage
  • Round nucleus, clear cytoplasm, irregular shape with branched projections.
  • Located in the tissues
  • Immune survailance, antigen processing and presentation
  • Detection of threats (endo/ exocytosis)

* can reach into conduits to sample antigen content*

  • Lasts months
18
Q

What Cell is this? What is important information?

A

Mast Cells

  • Sentinal Cells
  • Myeloid lineage
  • round nucleus, densely packed with purple granules
  • Tissue, particularly connective tissue surrounding vascular/ nerves.
  • Immune survaillance, mediator and amplifier of inflammation and allergy
  • Lasts weeks to months.
19
Q

What Cell is this? What is important information?

A

Natural Killer Cells

  • Null lymphocytes
  • Lymphoid lineage
  • Lg lymphoid cell, round nucleus
  • Found in blood/ spleen
  • Destruction of virally infected or abnormal host cells, including tumor cells
  • Targeted release of cytotoxic granules
20
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Only cells in body capable of specifically recognizing and distinguishing different antigens. Responsible for adaptive immune response.

**Arise from stem cells in bone marrow**

21
Q

What are B lymphocytes?

A
  • Exrracellular, produces abs, differentiates in plasma cells, humeral immune response.
  • Mature in bone marrow ( mammals) Bursa of Fabricius in birds.
22
Q

What are t lymphocytes?

A
  • intracellular, no antibodies, cytokines present, differentiate, cellular immune response.
  • Mature in thymus
  • Cytotoxic: injects cells w/ toxin causing cell death
23
Q

What is a safety mechanism of lymphocytes?

A

Lymphocytes w/ self antigens are killed before they could leave primary lymphoid organs.

24
Q

What is Canine trapped neutrophil syndrome? What is its sypmtoms?

A

Cyclic neutrophil syndrome, every 12-15 days puppies develop neutropenia.

  • Symptoms: Small in size, more sussceptible to infectious disease, inappetance, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, pain on walking, puppies normally die before 6 months.
25
Q

What are the major secondary lymphoid organisms?

A

Lymphnodes, spleen, bone marrow and peyers patches within intestines.

26
Q

What are differences between primary and secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Primary: Found in thymus, bursa, some peyers patches)

  • originates ectodermal junction
  • Early in embryonic life
  • involuates after puberty
  • if removed you will loose lymphocytes
  • unresponsive to antigen

Secondary: Spleen/ lymph nodes

  • Mesodermal origin
  • Later in fetal life
  • Persists in adults
  • No major effects
  • Fully reactive
27
Q

What is the thymus and what is some important information about it? Thymectomy

A

Cortex/ medulla decrease in size over time. Fat increases.

Takes a full year after thymectomy to see consequences. After 1 year, body will not reject skin graft. Prolonged survival of circulating T cells declines at this point.

28
Q

IPPS are sites of what?

A

B cell proliferation

29
Q

If IPPs are removed from lambs, what is the consequence

A

They will be B cell deficient

30
Q

What mammals have 1 large peyers patch?

A

Ruminants, pigs horses, dogs, humans

31
Q

What mammals have more diffues peyers patches?

A

Rabbits, Primates, Rodents

32
Q

What does the bone marrow serve as?

A

B Cell source

33
Q

What are lymphatics?

A

System of open ended vessels that return extravascular fluid from the periphery to the heart and blood.

34
Q

What are the barriers of the innate immune response?

A

Physical barriers ( skin, mucus membranes)

Humoral barriers ( complement system / antibacterial enzymes)

Cellular barriers ( phagocytic system, natural killers)

Commensial organisms

35
Q

What is Cilliary Dyskinesia?

A

Disease in dogs where cilliary function is impaired. Dogs with CD are more susceptible to respiratory infections ( Cilla are rigid, non motile)

36
Q

What are Defensins?

A

embeded into cell membrane and create pores which leads to osmotic imbalance and cell lysis.

37
Q

What is commensial bacteria?

A

Compete with pathogens for nutrients/ space

38
Q

Stages of Neutrophil Adhesion/ Migration

A
  1. ) Rolling
  2. ) Adherence
  3. ) Emigration
  4. ) Chemotaxis
39
Q

Where does opsonization occur in the stages of neutrophil adhesion/ migration? what is its benefit?

A

Occurs at addherence. It compliments antibodies and allows another way for pathogen destruction.

40
Q

What are Neutrophil Extracellular Traps?

A

NETS - DNA strands that capture and kill bacteria, this prevents microorganism spread.

First Year Veterinary School (43 decks)

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