Immunology- Exam # 1 Flashcards
What is innate immunity?
Adaptive immunity?
Innate: Rapid initial protection, present from birth.
Adaptive: Prolonged, effective, acquired ( mainly directed against bacterial invaders)
What is cell mediated immunity?
Mainly directed against viruses. Adaptive immune response.
What was the importance of the study involving Cowpox?
Farmers exposed to cow pox survived small pox. Researches studied cowpox to create smallpox vaccine. They took lesions from cows to inoculate individuals.
Who discovered the small pox vaccine?
Edward Jenner (1798)
What was the significance of Pasteur’s cholera experiment?
Modified vaccine/ aged vaccine is not pathogenic, but stimulates immune response enough to create Abs. Gave aged p multocida to chickens, then gave them fresh virus and survived. Those who were not previously inoculated died
What is the order of the bodies defenses against invading microorganisms?
Physical barriers ( skin, tears, normal flora) —-> innate immunity (defensins, lysozomes) —-> adaptive immunity (antibody production)
What is the difference between plasma and serum?
Serum is devoid of clotting factors
What kind of transfusion would be most beneficial to thrombocytopenic patients?
Plasma transfusions vs. PRBC due to availability of clotting factors.
What are disadvantages of plasma transfusions from inoculated animals?
- Anaphylaxis/ other cell mediated responses.
- Transmission of other diseases.
- No lasting immunity
- Animal does not create own Ab’s so it can be susceptible later.
How long can memory cells live? Where in the body are they located?
- Human memory cells can last 70 years. They are located in bone marrow, memory causes quicker/ stronger immune response.
What can improve success of skin grafts ( foreign)?
- Use of littermate donor
- Same breed donor
- Immunosuppressive drugs
What Cell is this? What is important information?
Neutrophil (Heterophils in birds)
- Myeloid lineage
- Segmented nucleus, granular cytoplasm
- Acute Bacterial
- Myeloid zones are where neutrophils grow
- Lasts 42- 72 hours
What Cell is this? What is important information?
Basophil
- Lasts days
- Blue/ Purple basophilic granules
- Myeloid lineage
- Mediator of inflammation
- Degranulation
What Cell is this? What is important information?
Eosinophil
- Granulocyte
- Myeloid Lineage
- Antiparasitic, Antiviral, allergies
What Cell is this? What is important information?
Monocytes
- Mononuclear phagocytes
- myeloid lineage
- large round kidney shaped nucleus containing vacuoles
- Precoursers of macrophages and DC’s
- Limited antimicrobial function in blood
- Lasts days
What Cell is this? What is important information?
Macrophages
- Name changes w/ location
- Fxn remains the same
- myeloid lineage
- peripheral tissues
- immune survailence, antimicrobial capacity, antigen presentation
- detects threatsm releases inflammatory mediators, phagocytosis
- Lasts months.
What Cell is this? What is important information?
Dendritic Cells
- DCs in skin- Langerhaan cells
- DCs (inflammatory) conventional
- myeloid lineage
- Round nucleus, clear cytoplasm, irregular shape with branched projections.
- Located in the tissues
- Immune survailance, antigen processing and presentation
- Detection of threats (endo/ exocytosis)
* can reach into conduits to sample antigen content*
- Lasts months
What Cell is this? What is important information?
Mast Cells
- Sentinal Cells
- Myeloid lineage
- round nucleus, densely packed with purple granules
- Tissue, particularly connective tissue surrounding vascular/ nerves.
- Immune survaillance, mediator and amplifier of inflammation and allergy
- Lasts weeks to months.
What Cell is this? What is important information?
Natural Killer Cells
- Null lymphocytes
- Lymphoid lineage
- Lg lymphoid cell, round nucleus
- Found in blood/ spleen
- Destruction of virally infected or abnormal host cells, including tumor cells
- Targeted release of cytotoxic granules
What are lymphocytes?
Only cells in body capable of specifically recognizing and distinguishing different antigens. Responsible for adaptive immune response.
**Arise from stem cells in bone marrow**
What are B lymphocytes?
- Exrracellular, produces abs, differentiates in plasma cells, humeral immune response.
- Mature in bone marrow ( mammals) Bursa of Fabricius in birds.
What are t lymphocytes?
- intracellular, no antibodies, cytokines present, differentiate, cellular immune response.
- Mature in thymus
- Cytotoxic: injects cells w/ toxin causing cell death
What is a safety mechanism of lymphocytes?
Lymphocytes w/ self antigens are killed before they could leave primary lymphoid organs.
What is Canine trapped neutrophil syndrome? What is its sypmtoms?
Cyclic neutrophil syndrome, every 12-15 days puppies develop neutropenia.
- Symptoms: Small in size, more sussceptible to infectious disease, inappetance, vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, pain on walking, puppies normally die before 6 months.
What are the major secondary lymphoid organisms?
Lymphnodes, spleen, bone marrow and peyers patches within intestines.
What are differences between primary and secondary lymphoid organs?
Primary: Found in thymus, bursa, some peyers patches)
- originates ectodermal junction
- Early in embryonic life
- involuates after puberty
- if removed you will loose lymphocytes
- unresponsive to antigen
Secondary: Spleen/ lymph nodes
- Mesodermal origin
- Later in fetal life
- Persists in adults
- No major effects
- Fully reactive
What is the thymus and what is some important information about it? Thymectomy
Cortex/ medulla decrease in size over time. Fat increases.
Takes a full year after thymectomy to see consequences. After 1 year, body will not reject skin graft. Prolonged survival of circulating T cells declines at this point.
IPPS are sites of what?
B cell proliferation
If IPPs are removed from lambs, what is the consequence
They will be B cell deficient
What mammals have 1 large peyers patch?
Ruminants, pigs horses, dogs, humans
What mammals have more diffues peyers patches?
Rabbits, Primates, Rodents
What does the bone marrow serve as?
B Cell source
What are lymphatics?
System of open ended vessels that return extravascular fluid from the periphery to the heart and blood.
What are the barriers of the innate immune response?
Physical barriers ( skin, mucus membranes)
Humoral barriers ( complement system / antibacterial enzymes)
Cellular barriers ( phagocytic system, natural killers)
Commensial organisms
What is Cilliary Dyskinesia?
Disease in dogs where cilliary function is impaired. Dogs with CD are more susceptible to respiratory infections ( Cilla are rigid, non motile)
What are Defensins?
embeded into cell membrane and create pores which leads to osmotic imbalance and cell lysis.
What is commensial bacteria?
Compete with pathogens for nutrients/ space
Stages of Neutrophil Adhesion/ Migration
- ) Rolling
- ) Adherence
- ) Emigration
- ) Chemotaxis
Where does opsonization occur in the stages of neutrophil adhesion/ migration? what is its benefit?
Occurs at addherence. It compliments antibodies and allows another way for pathogen destruction.
What are Neutrophil Extracellular Traps?
NETS - DNA strands that capture and kill bacteria, this prevents microorganism spread.
