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Geography B > water world > Flashcards

water world Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the hydrosphere?

A

The hydrosphere consists of all water on the planet in sea’s, oceans, rivers and lakes.

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1
Q

Briefly explain the water cycle.

A

In a water cycle the amount of water stays the same. The water flows in a never ending cycle between the atmosphere, oceans, land and sea’s.

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2
Q

Describe the stages of a water cycle.

A

Water evaporates from oceans.
The water condenses in the form of clouds.
The clouds precipitate, there is some interception such a trees which means transpiration occurs.
There is surface run off, water soaking into ground water supplies and water returning to the oceans.

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3
Q

Name some water stores.

A

Polar (2%)
Oceans (97%)
Ground water (0.7%)
Lakes, soil, atmosphere, rivers, living things.

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4
Q

Where is most fresh water stored?

A

Most fresh water is stored in ice and glaciers but it’s being reduced due to global warming.

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5
Q

Describe some transfers in the water cycle process.

A 
Surface runoff (overland flow)
Stem flow 
Infiltration 
Percolation
Ground water flow
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6
Q

State an input to the hydrological cycle.

A

Precipitation

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7
Q

State some outputs of the hydrological cycle.

A

Transpiration

River carrying water to the sea

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8
Q

State some water stores in the water cycle.

A

Ground water storage
Soil moisture and storage
Surface storage
Interception by vegetation

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9
Q

What is the word for the outer layers of the earths surface. (the crust and upper mantle)

A

Lithosphere

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10
Q

What is the biosphere?

A

The biosphere is the part of the earth and atmosphere in which living organisms exist.

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11
Q

What does infiltration mean?

A

The movement of water in the soil from the surface.

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12
Q

What is the word to explain the movement of water into underlying rocks.

A

Percolation

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13
Q

What is the meaning of ground water storage.

A

Water stored in rocks following percolation.

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14
Q

Why is the biosphere as a sub cycle important?

A

Because it’s responsible for inputs (precipitation) and outputs (evapotranspiration).

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15
Q

Why is the lithosphere as a sub cycle important?

A

Because it transfers (through flow) and stores water (groundwater)

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16
Q

What word describes the soil being full of moisture?

A

Saturation

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17
Q

What word explains the level at which saturation occurs in ground or soil.

A

Water table

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18
Q

What is a input?

A

Thing that enter the system (to do with the water table)

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19
Q

What word describe things that leave a system such as the water table?

A

Outputs

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20
Q

What does transfers of flows mean?

A

Movements within the system (hydrological cycle)

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21
Q

What is a store?

A

Water held within the system.

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22
Q

What statement describes when shortages occur in water because demand exceeds supply.

A

Physical water scarcity.

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23
Q

What is economical water scarcity?

A

When people simply cannot afford water, even if it is readily available.

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24
Q

What is water stress?

A

Water stress occurs when the demand for water exceeds the amount available during a certain period, or when it is not good enough quality to use.

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25
Q

Name 6 reasons for a decline in water availability and quality.

A 
Energy (HEP)
Population growth
Agricultural demand 
Industrial development 
Tourism 
Climate change
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26
Q

Why does energy cause a decline in water availability and quality?

A

By building HEP water is being held increasing loss of water through evaporation and diseases in the water as the water is not flowing.

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27
Q

How does population growth cause a decline in water availability and quality?

A

The sheer number of people.

Due to a growing seven billion people are likely to have insufficient water by 2050

28
Q

Why does industrial development manufacturing industries cause a decline in water availability and quality?

A

These industries depend on water and these industries such as the manufacture of paper is increasing.

29
Q

Why does climate change cause a decline in water availability and quality?

A

Both global warming and climate change will affect rainfall and evaporation particularly in dryer countries.

30
Q

How does tourism cause a decline in water availability and quality?

A

Building expensive resorts in poorer countries uses up most of the regions water supply’s.

31
Q

How does agricultural demand cause a decline in water availability and quality?

A

Water is being used to irrigate land, more land is being irrigated to feed a growing population.

32
Q

Name countries facing water scarcity in the form of no water availability.

A

There is no water availability along the equator.
Along the top of Africa,
In some of Mexico and
Along the top of Asia

33
Q

State a country/s facing physical water scarcity.

A

The rest of Africa and countries around Iran are only approaching physical water insecurity.

34
Q

State a country/s facing economic water scarcity.

A

Central Africa cannot get water due to economic problems.

35
Q

Explain how intensive agriculture can affect water quality.

A

Fertilisers can run-off into rivers. The nitrates cause algal blooms. This blocks sunlight preventing photosynthesis killing plants and reducing oxygen for aquatic life.

36
Q

Name several countries that will get wetter due to climate change.

A 
The U.K.
Central western Brazil
Canada
Almost all of Europe and Russia
Western China
New Zealand Northern USA
37
Q

Name several countries that will get dryer due to climate change.

A 
Central Canada 
East Brazil
West Africa -the Sahel Belt
East and South tips of Australia.
Egypt
38
Q

Name some impacts on river flow from climate change.

A

Most changes in river flow will occur in the northern hemisphere as there is the most land.
Warming climate will cause spring to come earlier reducing river flow in the summer.

39
Q

How does climate change cause impact on evaporation.

A

As temperatures rise evaporation will increase leading to more water vapour in the atmosphere.
Also warmer temperatures will cause water to evaporate from the soil quicker.

40
Q

What are the impacts on drought from climate change.

A

Because of a combination of increased temperatures, reduced river flow and evaporation increasing.
The areas most severely affected are those suffering from drought currently.

41
Q

What are the impacts from precipitation on climate change?

A

Precipitation will change however it is hard to say whether it will increase or decrease, some of which are already occurring.
Warner temperatures will lead to more rainfall as rain instead of snow.
If there is more water vapour in the atmosphere there is likely to be more precipitation.
Finally the water intensity will increase as a greater amount of water will fall in a smaller time frame.

42
Q

Name 4 impacts of climate change on the hydrological cycle.

A

Precipitation, drought, river flow and evaporation.

43
Q

What countries are in the Sahel.

A

Countries including Chad, Niger, Sudan, and Ethiopia.

44
Q

What existing problems do countries in the Sahel face?

A

They are amongst the poorest countries in the world.

They also have growing populations and face droughts.

45
Q

How will climate change affect the Sahel?

A

Drought causes the water table to fall and desertification happens. This is also affected by grazing animals.

  1. drought
  2. soil dries out
  3. grass dies
  4. roots can’t hold soil together.
  5. wind blows
  6. soil blows away
46
Q

Explain a cause of desertification in cattle terms.

A

Farmers with cattle and goats feed their animals with ground plants such as grass. As these plants are eaten they often die and cannot regrow in the harsh conditions. Once the plants roots are no longer holding the soil together, the soil blows away causing desertification.

47
Q

Name three effects of climate change on poorer countries.

A

Drought.
Less grazing areas for cattle and agriculture.
Coastal flooding in Bangladesh where they can’t afford sea defences.

48
Q

Give 4 effects of climate change on wealthier countries.

A

Building of de-Sanitisation plants.
More water cost
Money to buy and irrigate more drought resistant seeds
Money spent on flood defences

49
Q

What is appropriate or intermediate technology?

A

It is the same as bottom up.
Development schemes that meet the needs of local people allowing the improvement to move up the system.
Building sanitary facilities.
Reducing diastase
Allowing more people to work rather than top down where you would build a big workplace.

50
Q

Talk about a sustainable appropriate technology supplied by a NGOS.
State some benefits.

A

A water butt made of clay covering s simple bamboo structure allows rainwater to be collected from roofs.
Agricultural yield improved and it is less far to walk for water, also giving more time for education and reducing disease.

51
Q

State where a case study shows where a NGO provided intermediate technology aid.

A

In Dhaka, Bangladesh water aid provided tube wells and sanitation blocks to help them get out of poverty.
Also Prodiplan is working to help deliver water, sanitation, and hygiene.

52
Q

Name a large scale top down technology example.

A

The Three Gorges Dam.

53
Q

What are the benefits of the Three Gorges Dam to the local people.

A

The flood risk for homes, farms and factories along the Yangtze River is reduced.
Water for irrigation is available from behind the dam.

54
Q

What are the environmental benefits of the Three Gorges Dam.

A

Hydroelectric power (HEP) is generated by the turbines in the dam. It is the worlds largest capacity HEP station.

The hydroelectricity means that China produces far less greenhouse gasses from burning coal and oil ( the project saves 31 million tonnes of coal each year.

55
Q

How does the Three Gorges Dam Benefit other river uses.

A

The river is more navigable for ships and so transport has improved.

56
Q

State some disadvantages for people who live near to the Three Gorges Dam.

A

Good farmland has been lost because of the lake.
Over 1.3 million people were forced to move homes.
There is an increase risk of landslides in some places.
Down steam areas may become more liable to flooding because sediment flow in the river has been reduced so there is no sediment to maintain river banks.

57
Q

Suggest a economic disadvantage with the Three Gorges Dam.

A

The project was very expensive- $US 22.5 billion.

58
Q

Name an environmental disadvantage of the Three Gorges Dam.

A

Important wetland areas have been destroyed.

59
Q

Name a cultural disadvantage of the Three Gorges Dam.

A

Important cultural and Archaeological sites were lost.

60
Q

Describe how human activity can reduce water supplies.

A

Firstly by building large scale hydroelectric dams decreases fresh water flowing down rivers and can increase the chances of water Bourne diseases as the water is not flowing.
Secondly dams built in Sudan reduce water flow to Egypt causing farmers to suffer.
Finally agriculture- fertilisers - algal bloom.

61
Q

Why are hand pumps, water butts and water tubes good for the developing world?

A 
Easy to maintain
Easy to build 
Cheap
Increase crop yield 
Decrease walking distance
Built from local resources (bamboo, clay)
62
Q

How does deforestation interfere with the hydrological cycle?

A

Deforestation and changes in land use lead to loss of interception and increase surface run-off.

63
Q

How does widespread urbanisation interfere with the hydrological cycle.

A

Increases surface Run-off, increase speed of water.

64
Q

How does human interference lead to a falling water table.

A

Over obstruction - how people intervene in the water cycle.

Buildings concrete and tarmac reducing percolation

65
Q

How does global warming affect the water cycle.

A

Melts glaciers

66
Q

How do humans overcome human interference in the hydrological cycle?

A

Building reservoirs

67
Q

How does the Three Gorges Dam cause social benefits.

A

New jobs,construction, maintenance and litter collection.

68
Q

Name some natural advantages/disadvantages of the Three Gorges Dam.

A

Habitat for wild animals.
Scenic asset, recreational use
Fish stocking
Dam interferes with fish migration.

Geography B (12 decks)

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