Oceans On The Edge

Question 0

Explain the importance of shoreline protection from Carla reefs.

Answer 0

Reefs provide shoreline protection from storms, tsunami and wave erosion.
Reefs can grow with rising sea levels and protect against impact of climate change.

Question 1

Explain the exploitation of fish in the worlds reefs.

Answer 1

4000 species of reef-loving fish (25% of all known marine fish provide food for local communities.
25% of the worlds total commercial fish catch comes from coral reefs.

Question 2

Explain why tourism effects in the worlds reefs.

Answer 2

Reefs are a magnet for the worlds tourists. Many countries in the Caribbean reserve over half their income from tourism.

Question 3

Explain why education and research are a important benefit of the worlds reefs.

Answer 3

Reefs can be visited easily to learn about marine life.

Question 4

Explain some other uses of the worlds reefs.

Answer 4

As a medicine scourge, some drugs originate from reef organisms.
To make decorative objects such as jewellery.
A scourge of lime for cement.

Question 5

Explain why the aquarium trade us a important benefit of the worlds reefs.

Answer 5

Reefs supply tropical fish, sea horses, and plants for the aquarium trade.

Question 6

Why are enclosed areas of sea most at risk?

Answer 6

Enclosed areas are intensely used for fishing such as the North Sea and South China Sea to feed large populations. Furthermore there are often bottle necks of sea traffic causing increases pollution and danger to larger sea mammals.

Question 7

Describe and explain the distribution of coral reefs.

Answer 7

Coral reefs are located mostly between the tropics. Most are situated in the South Pacific Islands.
Coral reefs occur, often near volcanic activities where light can easily reach coral reefs at 25 meters or less and temperatures are between 24° and 20°.
Finally a few reefs are found in river mouths because of the sediment.

Question 8

What are some global threats to coral reefs?

Answer 8

Global warming will cause coral bleaching.
ElNiño events has the same effect as global warming on huge areas of ocean.
Ocean acidification caused by aborning CO2 kills coral. 8.2 to 7.9 by 2050.

Question 9

What are some local threats to coral reefs?

Answer 9

Fishing, blast, cyanide abs trawling damage reefs.
Coral mining sand, rubble and sand.
Biological threats, disease such as black band coral disease, unwelcome predictors, parrot fish and thorns starfish that eat coral.
Pollution, sewage, oil spills, toxic industrial chemicals.
Hurricanes breaks down coral and heavy rain washes pollution.
Siltation- layer of silt builds from farms and land builds up.

Question 10

What are the impacts of tourism on reefs?

Answer 10

Heavy demand for sea food e.g. Snappers snd lobsters.
Beach nourishment
Damage from boast anchors, especially in bust areas such as yacht harbours.
Trampling by snorkelers and divers breaking coral.
Sewage and other pollutants from hotels e.g sunscreen.
Construction.
Feeding fish.

Question 11

Using named examples explain how tourism can damage a marine ecosystem.

Answer 11

The Great Barrier Reef.
Heavy demand for sea food e.g. Snappers snd lobsters.
Beach nourishment
Damage from boast anchors, especially in bust areas such as yacht harbours.
Trampling by snorkelers and divers breaking coral.
Sewage and other pollutants from hotels e.g sunscreen.
Construction.
Feeding fish.

Question 12

What is a food chain?

Answer 12

The overall interaction between plants and animals within a ecosystem.

Question 13

What is the nutrient cycle.

Answer 13

This refers to the movement of nutrients from one fish to another.

Question 14

Give an example of a good cycle.

Answer 14

Sunlight -> phytoplankton -> zoo plankton -> krill -> fish -> seals -> polar bear.
Fish-> polar bear.

Question 15

Explain how the nutrient cycle is completed from excretion.

Answer 15

Fish consume algae it plant matter and take in nitrates. When they excrete bacteria converts waste into ammonia (NH4) and into nitrates. Plants and any algae absorb nitrates and complete the cycle.

Question 16

What are the impacts of increased melting of Arctic ice?

Answer 16

The concentration of salt in the water will decrease changing migration.
Thermal expansion and glacial melting causes sea levels to rise.
This causes depleted of coastal mangrove swamps and salt marshes as coastal erosions erodes these ecosystems.
Some tidal areas + ecosystems will be permanently destroyed.

Question 17

What are the impacts of increased over fishing?

Answer 17

Suction harvesting.
Threatens to krill, krill numbers are declining and this threatens the food web.
Whale hunting has decreased whale numbers.

Question 18

Explain the possible effects of Siltation and eutrophication on a marine food web.

Answer 18

Nutrient cycles can be disrupted by chemical pollution, partially from nitrate fertilisers. The overloading is called eutrophication.
Partially untreated sewage contains nitrates, phosphates, ammonia and chlorine.
Fertilised run-off also includes nutrients which kills hard corals and causes growth of blue/green algae and phytoplankton blocking sunlight.
Lack of oxygen caused by algae poisons fish which passes down the food chain.
Plants thrive at the expense of fish.
This also leads to a increase in crown of thorns starfish.

Question 19

Explain the possible effects of Siltation and eutrophication on a marine food web.

Answer 19

Siltation is the increase in cloudiness of water by sediment which occurs where deforestation causes surface run-off of sediment into the sea. By clouding water it prevents sunlight reaching as far into the ocean, decreasing growth.

Question 20

How much will sea levels rise between 2000 and 2100? And why?

Answer 20

Between 0.1 and a metre.
Sea levels will rise globally as the temperature on land will rise causing glaciers and frozen land to melt.
Secondly Warner ocean water causes thermal expansion to occur.
Finally increased temperature causes ice caps and other frozen land to melt.

Question 21

Describe the impacts of global warming on marine species like seals?

Answer 21

Warming oceans are causing marine species to migrate.
Fish, shellfish, plankton and marine mammals move to colder waters if there home water become to warm.
The North Sea has warmed by about 1°c since 1960 this causes the area of sea with a average of 10°c to move north 22km/year.

Question 22

Describe the impacts of climate change on cold water species?

Answer 22

Cold water species like cod in the North Sea will move north. These will be replaced by warm water species, like anchovies and sardines.

Question 23

Describe the impacts of climate change on diseases.

Answer 23

Diseases like new England’s lobster shell diseases seem to be more common as oceans are warming.

Question 24

Describe the impacts of climate change on jellyfish plagues.

Answer 24

Jellyfish plagues have been linked to nutrient pollution, but also to warmer waters, as jellyfish seem to be able to adapt faster than other species.

Question 25

Describe the impacts of climate change on some alien species.

Answer 25

Dangerous species, like the warm water venomous, ‘Portuguese man o’ war’ jellyfish are now often found in the North Atlantic.

Question 26

Describe the impacts of climate change on alien species.

Answer 26

Alien species like the Chinese mitten crab, can spread more rapidly as water temperatures rise.

Question 27

How can conservationist balance the needs of ecosystems and helping local people?

Answer 27

Use fishing equipment which isn’t damaging.
Harvest marine resources at a rate which won’t destroy them for future generations- for example larger net sizes to allow young fish to escape.
Allowing poorer people to use marine resources for sustainable needs.
Involve local people.

Question 28

Who are the key players in the conflicts in Soureière and Mankòtè,

Answer 28

Hotel owners
Tourists
Snorkelers
Fishermen
Environmentalists

Question 29

Describe the importance of coastal mangrove swamps to St Lucia.

Answer 29

Mangroves hold silt and protect coastal areas. This protects islands forms storms and hurricanes and creates areas that are protected for fish, algae and sea grass.
Mangroves also attract pollutants from water.
Coral reefs protect the coast and create lagoons.

Question 30

ST Lucia

How do sea grass beds protect the ecosystem?

Answer 30

Productive environment provides nutrients when grass dies; breeding and sheltered areas for fish.

Question 31

What is the top of a reef called that aids protection from storms?

Answer 31

Algal mat

Question 32

In St Lucia how can ecosystem conservation cause conflicts regarding mangrove swamps?

Answer 32

In St Lucia mangrove forests protects coastal areas because of Siltation and a physical barrier against storms and hurricanes. Mangroves provide safe fish nursery and produce nutrients. Hotel owners will want to clear land to build hotels, comprising conservation. However fishermen who use local area will have to move causing conflict.
Also locals may use the brushwood as fire wood or a product to produce charcoal and they would want to preserve the area.

Question 33

What are gore stages of participant development?

Answer 33

Assessment
Making management decisions
Capacity building
Finalising institutional arrangements.

Question 34

In the stages of participatory development what is the meaning of assessment.

Answer 34

Identifying all stakeholders.
Establishing their rights and needs.
Looking for options.

Question 35

In the stages of participatory development what is the meaning of making management decisions?

Answer 35

Zoning
Resource use
Means of finance

Question 36

In the stages of participatory development what is the meaning of capacity building?

Answer 36

Training stakeholders in new skills carried out by an independent organisation.

Question 37

In the stages of participatory development what is the meaning of finalising institutional arrangements.

Answer 37

Management agreements.

Legal framework carried out by undertow dang organisation.

Question 38

In 1992 what groups of people were brought together in the Caribbean?

Answer 38

SMMA- Soufière Marine Management Area brought
The local people
The local hotel owners
Water taxi drivers
Dive businesses
Fishermen and marine management people together.

Question 39

What is a cause of conflict between many different users on St. Lucia?

Answer 39

Zoning

Question 40

What are three successes of the SMMA bringing different groups together in 1992?

Answer 40

The local people were trained and educated to manage the scheme.
The numbers, size and diversity of the fish gave improved.
Many stakeholders are now involved in marine conservation.

Question 41

How many zones was ST Lucia split into?

Answer 41

5

Question 42

What is a problem to the North Sea?

Answer 42

Over fishing.
The fishing industry Is difficult to manage because of its size resulting in a space that is hard to police. Secondly you can not oversea what happens at sea on the boat.
Species are becoming extinct.

Question 43

What are the solutions to overfishing in the North Sea.

Answer 43

Ensuring net sizes are allowing young fish to escape.
Limiting hours boats can fish each year.
Quota management.
Discard management.
Setting up marine reserves.
- can be temporary to protect spawning or nursery grounds.
Further research into the effect of over fishing on the whole ecosystem
- lack of sand eels = fewer puffins.

Question 44

Using named examples, explain how marine areas are managed at a regional scale.

Answer 44

The North Sea has MPA’s where there are zones that are protected and allow fish to spawn.
Laws are out in place to regulate net sizes to allow smaller fish which may not be eaten to escape and breed.
The hours a boat can operate for a year is restricted reducing annual marine damage per person.
The EU want to reduce the damage done by fishermen after they have been caught as this damages the fish, if nit kills them.
Finally more research is being done into the effect to overfishing and global warming on the whole cycle.

Question 45

What convention addresses the main source of sea pollution,

Answer 45

UNCLOS

United Nations convention law of sea

Question 46

What sections of ocean health dies UNCLOS cover?

Answer 46

Land-based/coastal activities
Continental shelf drilling for gas and oil.
Seabed mining.
Ocean dumping.
Pollution from ships.

Question 47

What are the threats to the ocean?

Answer 47

Mining
Drilling for gas
Pollution from ships
Overfishing
Dumping
Coastal activities
Increasingly complex pollutants reaching the oceans from advanced industrial processes.
Global warming has introduced new pressures, for example the Arctic has been opened for resource exploitation.

Question 48

Which continents are majorly singer up to UNCLOS,

Answer 48

Africa, South America, Oceania, Russia and Europe.

America and Canada are not.

Question 49

In ocean mining how would a 12 mile exclusion zone help pollution?

Answer 49

It will help coastal plants and animals.

Question 50

In ocean mining how would a 24 mile exclusion zone help pollution?

Answer 50

Protect some of the most dense sea life.

Question 51

In ocean mining how would a 200 mile exclusion zone help pollution?

Answer 51

Protects much sea from immediate dangers, oil spills can still cause much devastation.