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Geography B > The Challenges To The Rural World > Flashcards

The Challenges To The Rural World Flashcards

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0
Q

Which organisation conserved the wetlands of international importance and raises the profile of wetlands?

A

RAMSAR wetlands.
They have got 163 countries to agree to protect 193 million hectares of wetland habitat, many sites have a high biodiversity.

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1
Q

What organisation aims to stop the trade in products such as Ivory or handbags made from crocodile skins?

A

The convention on international trade in endangered species.(CITES)

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2
Q

What are the three RAMSAR wetlands pillars?

A

Identify important wetlands da and manage them carefully.
Wise use of wetlands - fishing tourism and other human activities should bf sustainable.
Co-operate with other countries when wetlands are shared over the border.

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3
Q

What are some examples of governments setting up areas which conserve, manage and restore biodiversity in the UK

A

Sites of specific interest (SSSI) are areas of rare species are protected from development by law.
15 national parks exist in England Wales and Scotland which have their own planning authorities to protect the environment from pressure such as tourism by law.
Community forests were set up in 1990 to provide new areas of leisure and environmental quality in major cities. By 2012 12 community forests had been set up.

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4
Q

Give an example of a community forest.

A

White rose forest surrounding cities such as Sheffield and Leeds.

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5
Q

Give some examples of national parks.

A

Northumberland, Yorkshire Dales, the Broads, Peak District and Snowdonia.

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6
Q

In conservation what are the 5 stages between total protection and total exploitation?

A 
Scientific reserve ( no access)
Wildlife reserves and parks.
Extractive reserves
Economic development and integrated into conservation.
Exploitation with token protection.
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7
Q

What does sustainable management involve?

A 
Zoning - areas for different things - nothing used faster than it can be renewed.
Local people - provide resources
Educate - so they are involved
Stakeholders - players
Buffer zone 
Selective harvesting.
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8
Q

How can reserves look to the future?

A

Reserves linked by national corridors.

Tree nurseries.

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9
Q

How can conservation encourage community involvement?

A

Multiple zoning e.g. Hunting, tourism, conservation.
Eco tourism
Agroforestry - maintains biodiversity of agricultural land.
Extractive reserve e.g. Rubber and nuts.

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10
Q

How is sustainable management Eco friendly?

A

Long term leases / selective small scale clearance.

Tree cover in water sheds- reduces flood risk and improves water quality and quantity.

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11
Q

How can sustainable management be pro poor?

A

Selective small a scale planting and clearance.
Eco tourism
Extracting resources.

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12
Q

What are the main employment sectors in the Lake District?

A

The Lake District is dominated by tertiary jobs,
Tourism is the biggest industry (11% are hotels and restaurants.
Only 1% are quaternary.

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13
Q

Who is the Lake District used by?

A

Used by RAF
tourism- climbing, mountaineering ect
45,000 people that live their.

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14
Q

Why is there little manufacturing in the Lake District?

A

Factories and workshops are built in cities with less regulations than that in a national park and more road access and nearby workers.

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15
Q

Why are there few quaternary jobs in the Lake District?

A

There are less buildings and building permission as well as little flat land. Furthermore must work us seasonal.

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16
Q

Which is the most shelters and fertile land in the Lake District?

A

Flat valley floor (10%) of all land, the most sheltered and fertile land used for growing winter feed, jobs such as sheering and keeping a few cattle.

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17
Q

What area did the Lake District are used for raising sheep between autumn and spring?

A

Lower slopes (30)% of all land.

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18
Q

How much of land in the Lake Distictis high and used for sheep grazing in the summer.

A

60%

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19
Q

What is a physical input, process and output to farming on the Lake District?

A 
Inputs; 
Climate (rain growing season)
Process;
Harvesting
Outputs;
Cash, crops animal produce.
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20
Q

What is a human input, process and output to farming in Malawi?

A 
Input;
Labour
Process;
Changes to family 
Outputs; 
Yøung livestock and seed and manure fur the following year.
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21
Q

What is a custom input, to farming on the Lake District?

A

Land ownership rights.

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22
Q

Name challenges to farming in the Lake District.

A 
The land is steep.
Soils are thin, infertile and rocky.
Temperature's fall on hills 1° for every 150m 
Winter snow
Less sunshine
Over 300 mm of rain a year.
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23
Q

What is a reason for a decline in farm work in the Lake District?

A

Mechanisation - the use of machinery in farming where there wasn’t before.
Brought in services such as sheep sheering.

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24
Q

What are the benefits of tourism in the Lake District?

A

Offers people a chance of outdoor pursuits.
It is quite close to several major cities.
Tourists bring 55% of jobs.
Tourists keep busses and trains running.
Tourists keeps shops and pubs open.

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25
Q

What are the problems of tourism in the Lake District?

A 
Weather causes isolation.
There is lots of summer congestion.
Children favs long journeys to school.
Supermarkets are creating competition for local shops,
Getting to hospitals is difficult.
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26
Q

What is the word to describe returning the country to how it looked before encouraging tourists?

A

Counter-urbanisation

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27
Q

Why might the Lake District want to counter-urbanise?

A

40% of Ambleside and Patter dale are second homes, this destroys communities and pays local builders.
Homes are very expensive due to holiday let’s and peoples having second homes, this would increase prices.

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28
Q

What is flat land called?

A

Relief land

29
Q

What problems do livestock face in the Lake District?

A

Poor soil so it’s hard to grow feeds and crops.

Disease precipitation an weather ( too much snow and rainfall)

30
Q

What farm based activities can farmers use to diversify?

A

Possible changes e.g. organic farming or rearing of other animals for example deer for venison.
Farm shops allow farms to sell food at their retail price rather than one offer to supermarkets.
Animal petting.

31
Q

What are some non-farm based activities farms can use to diversify.

A

Outdoor pursuits such as paint balling.
A business near Kendal hosts cooperate events for businesses which are outdoor pursuits and family events such as off-roading.

32
Q

Give a alternative use for farmland which brings in money without encouraging people to farmland.

A

Wind turbines allow the land to be still used.

33
Q

What are three inputs to farming in Malawi?

A

Several hectares of land
Hand tools- not as efficient as machinery.
Labour.

34
Q

What are three processes to farming in Malawi?

A

Manual labour
Fertiliser -can not afford much, there is not a abundance.
Sowing and ploughing.

35
Q

What are some outputs to farming in Malawi?

A

Small quantities of tobacco in comparison to machined farms, fall in tobacco prices affecting income.

36
Q

What are some social impacts of farming in Malawi?

A

If they did not grow enough food his family might suffer from famine.
Children may miss education to help farm.

37
Q

What are some environmental impacts of farming in Malawi?

A

Increased drought would cause desertification.

Flooding causing people to leave their house.

38
Q

What are some economic impacts of farming in Malawi?

A

Water and food shortages affecting crops and therefore how much money he earns.

39
Q

What are the benefits of urban migration in Malawi.

A

Re-admittance payments helps Charente through school, helping the family gain more money in the future.
Money can also be spent on healthcare, seeds, fertiliser and land.

40
Q

What are the problems of urban migration in Malawi?

A

Less men to work on the farm.
Often young and women are left behind there can often be not enough food to go around.
There are less men to protect the land.
Land can go underworked.

41
Q

How would the addition of good roads benefit Malawi?

A

Easier to sell goods further away, farmers would be gaining more money to invest in development.
Transport between towns and cities would help people work on bigger projects.

42
Q

How would the addition of telecommunications benefit farmers in Malawi.

A

Farmers would know when to die seeds using the weather.
Communication between family members working away could keep family’s safer and gain the ability to ask for more help.
Farmers would have more knowledge on market prices to choose what crops to plant and where to sell them.

43
Q

List done problems with growing and selling farm produce in Malawi.

A

Falling tobacco prices, in 2009/10 tobacco prices were less than 3p per kg- farmers lost all their money and could not grow tobacco the following season.
Fertiliser prices are rising from £10 per 50kg bag to £15 from 2005 to 2012.
Water and food shortages.
Desertification.

44
Q

Describe the problems with precipitation in Makawi.

A

When compare to the last three decades of the twentieth century, recent rainfall in Malawi has been much lower. Also, rains don’t last long, so streams and rivers dry up -destroying rips due to drought. On the other hand, very, very heavy rains in 2012 reduced Malawi’s maize harvest by 7% and over 10,000 families homeless due to flooding.

45
Q

Describe how the rural economy can vary in a developing world you have studied.

A

In Malawi there are three main types of farming. Firstly, there are cash crop plantations where trans-national own the land abs pay the workers around 1p for picking around a kg of tea leaves. Secondly there are tobacco remnants where workers can get tobacco poisoning, they are given land to grow tobacco. Finally there are small holders where land owners grow food for themselves, any surplus can be sold.

46
Q

Describe cash crop plantations.

A

Plantations are left over from when’s laws was colonised in the nineteenth century. They can afford big inputs such as irrigation and hire local labourers who get paid about 1p per kg of produce collected however they are also given firewood, lunch, water and housing. The tea is sold at about £2 a kg so most of the money stays in the devices world.

47
Q

Describe tobacco tenants.

A

Many of the 2million tobacco growers are children.
Tobacco estate owners allocate areas of land for workers to grow a specific amount of tobacco on and lend them the resources however deduct it from their wages. Farmers can only earn money if they send their children to work 55% aged 7-9 and lack medication, proper housing, and safe drinking water.

48
Q

Describe a small holder.

A

Small holders, averaging a hectare per family produce 80% of Malawi’s food. They produce maize, rice and groundnuts to feed the family, those with bigger plots grow done cash crops or sell surplus but the money is usually spent on school fees or medical bills.

49
Q

Describe Chisomo’s story

A

When Chisomo was 9 estate owners took her and her family 1000 km away from there home. But 4 years later they still cannot afford necessities and they are malnourished. Chisomo had malaria, diarrhoea and pneumonia in the last three mouths and may not survive.

50
Q

What is a method of cheaply helping families who suffer firm HIV and aids?

A

Fish farming

51
Q

Describe fish farming in Malawi.

A

In 15 locations across Malawi NGO’s help Farmers dig small Raines ponds (20mx10m) designed for Tilapia fish which feed on aquatic plants and farm and lichen waste. Children and elderly help out, which makes it easier for households with few fit aldults.

52
Q

What are the benefits of fish farming in Malawi?

A

It’s cheap. The costs are low, because fish feed on waste.
It provides protein, calcium, vitamin A and nutrients -critical to those with HIV/Aids.
It has led to a fall in malnutrition in the area from 45% to 15%.
It provides water for crops during droughts. Farmers with ponds produce 20% more crops than those that don’t.
Sediment at the bottom of ponds makes excellent fertiliser. Some farmers grow bananas and guava on the pond edges, using water seeping into the soil.

53
Q

What has the fish farming project in Malawi done?

A

Doubled the income of 1200 households.
Increased fish and vegetable consumption.
Quadrupled the number of fish farmers in Malawi.
Benefitted women, who form 30% of those taking part.

54
Q

What project has a intergovernmental organisation introduced?

A

Sustainable livelihoods organisation programme funded by the UN.
It’s porting mushroom growing as a new scourge of income for villagers.

55
Q

Which village is mushroom growing in Malawi making a real difference to?

A

Ndawambe village

56
Q

How is the intergovernmental organisation helping people in Malawi to grow mishrooms?

A

Providing training from government experts.
Offering micro-loans which are paid back within a few months to buy the first bag of mushroom compost.
Paying for an advertising programme to promote mushrooms as a food with high protium values and medicinal properties.

57
Q

What is a big advantage of mushroom farming in Malawi?

A

It’s cheap and sustainable, because farmers can use waste from their land (e.g. Maize stalks) as the raw material to make new mushroom compost.

58
Q

How had the mushroom scheme been successful in Ndawambe?

A

The extra income has earned income that us being used to fund other developments. For example one family now had 900 chickens and has been able to afford the first two-story hone in the village; other family’s have started bakeries, or now produce fruit juice, vegetable oil and honey.

59
Q

Using Japanese aid the Malawian and Japanese governments are working on what project?

A

COVAMS - saving the soil

60
Q

How dies COVAMS tackle the cause of the problem?

A

Teams build wood, rock and bamboo barriers across streams to prevent soil loss during rainy seasons.
Villages receive training in conserving soil and tree planting.
Farmers are trained to contour plough around hillsides to stop surface run-off eroding soil.
Stepped hillsides are ‘stepped’ to reduce surface run-off.
Local tree nurseries grow fast growing species, so that reforestation is quick.

61
Q

What type of technology does COVAMS use?

A

Intermediate technology where local materials and low tech solutions prevent the problem from getting worse.

62
Q

What are three main impacts of COVAMS?

A

In 2011,183 households out of the 247 Middle shire were taking part, and the project as planned to spread to 100,000 people.
Crop yields have improved dramatically.
With less soil erosion and silt, water quality has improved. This allows the dam to produce more HEP.

63
Q

What organisation was set up in Malawi by date owned sugar corporation and a South African owned sugar mill?

A

The kasinthula cane growers project.

64
Q

What is the kasinthula cane growers project.

A

It began dividing up 1200 hectares of poor land into 2-3 hectare sugar cane plots, in order to provide income for subsistence farmers in three villages. It was certified for fair trade in 2002, and now supplies sugar to the UK (e.g.the Co-op) Europe and the U.S.

65
Q

How much extra money does fair trade products earn?

A

US $60 per tonne.

66
Q

What had the extra fair trade money been spent on in the kasinthula cane growers project?

A

Providing access to clean water. Villages previously had to collect water from the shire river -risking both water borne diseases and crocodile attacks. All three villages had boreholes in 2008, taps are being installed in farmers homes.
Providing electricity via government electrification project.
Building secondary school and health clinic.
The new health clinic opened in 2010 along with two ambulance bicycles.

67
Q

What has there also be enough cash for the kasinthula cane growers project to provide?

A

Cash to increase farmers incomes.
Replace old sugar cane plants and machinery.
Provide emergency food during drought in 2005.

68
Q

What are some social benefits of the biogas in Malawi?

A

•Short term ( few months );
Children no longer have to spend time gathering wood or dung, so girls especially have more time to go to school.
•Medium term (up to a year);
Cooking with gas produced smoke free kitchens (unlike firewood) so there are fewer lung infections.
When dung is fed into biogas digester the micro-organisms that can cause disease are killed.
•Long term ( a few years );
Less strain collecting fire wood.

69
Q

What are some economic benefits of the biogas in Malawi?

A

•Short term;
Less money spent on fertiliser
•Medium term;
The sludge is richer in nutrients than raw manure making it better fertiliser.
Sell dung as fertiliser.
•Long term;
Power electricity generators to provide light at night as well as it allows water to be pumped from underground. The irritations mean farmers can get up to three yields a year.

70
Q

What are some environmental benefits of the biogas in Malawi?

A

•Short term;
Less trees are cut down fur firewood.
•Medium term;
Dung is far better for the environment that chemicals.
•Long term;
Cattle are kept in family compound making dung collection easier. Previously cattle would graze the forest eating saplings preventing woodland regenerating.

Geography B (12 decks)

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