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Geography B > Development Dilemmas > Flashcards

Development Dilemmas Flashcards

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0
Q

Suggest the effect it has on the country and a reason for country’s having low life expectancy.

A

Disease, lack of healthcare, water and food supply will cause a low life expectancy and it will cause a high death rate and lower the GDP/GNI

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1
Q

Name some ways the development of a country can be recorded,.

A
  1. Life expectancy UK-80 Malawi-52
  2. Food intake UK-3,458 Malawi-2,172
  3. Adult illiteracy Uk-1 Malawi-28
  4. GNI UK-2,558,048 Malawi-4,198
  5. Adults living with HIV/AID’s UK-0.2 Malawi-11
  6. GDP from industry UK-22.1 Malawi 21.7
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2
Q

Suggest the effect it has on the country and a reason for high infant mortality.

A

Poor nutrition and poor healthcare or healthcare that citizens cannot afford will cause this.
The effect of high infant mortality is a high death rate, smaller population and less women in the workforce.

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3
Q

Suggest the effect it has on the country and a reason for a high dependancy ratio.

A

Big percentage of Yøung or old.

Lack of education or contraception. This will cause a high birth rate and a youthful population.

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4
Q

What does development mean?

A

Development means change economically (income and the economy) and socially (affecting people)m. It brings jobs and trade, but also can benefit some people more than others.

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5
Q

How does the UN work out how developed a country is, and in what bracket of poor countries is Malawi in?

A

According to the UN, Malawi is one of the worlds 25 poorest countries. The UN uses different development indicators to work this out. Development indicators, when combined, give an overall picture of a country’s level of development.

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6
Q

What does economic development include?

A
  • GDP
  • poverty line (half of Malawi’s population live below the poverty line)
  • overseas debt Malawi debt is being reduced by IMF but it still heavily relies on aid.
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7
Q

Name some social development indicators.

A

Countries with high GDP tend to spend more on education, so literacy figures are higher.
GDP can also influence how much a person eats a day. In 2010 a third of Malawi’s population was underfed.

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8
Q

Name a environmental development indicator.

A

83% of Malawi has access to safe drinking water in 2012.

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9
Q

What is GDP?

A

The total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year.
Dividing this by the total population gives you per person or capita. Figures are in US$

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10
Q

What is life expectancy?

A

The average number of years a person is expected to live.

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11
Q

What is PPP

A

Purchasing power parity
All GDP data are now this. This means GDP is given in terms of what it will buy using local prices. A low income country (like Malawi) will probably have lower prices.

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12
Q

What is the poverty line?

A

The minimum level of income to meet a persons basic needs - the world bank considers it to be £1.15 per person per day.

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13
Q

What is dependency ratio?

A

The proportion of people who are too young or old.

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14
Q

What is infant mortality?

A

The number of children per 1000 live births who die before their first birthday.

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15
Q

What is maternal mortality?

A

The number of mothers per 100,000 who die in childbirth.

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16
Q

What is access to safe drinking water?

A

The percentage of the population with access to an improved drinking supply.

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17
Q

What is being underfed?

A

The percentage of the population who do consume at least 2000 calories a day.

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18
Q

What is literacy rate?

A

The percentage of the population, aged over 15 who can read and write.

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19
Q

What is a strength of using GDP to measure human development.

A

Easy to calculate

Shows economic security.

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20
Q

What is a weakness of using GDP to measure human development.

A

Does not take equality into account.

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21
Q

Which countries in the world have opportunities for women as good as those for men?

A

There are none

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22
Q

What is a strength of using HDI to measure human development.

A

Shows which countries are fairest

Takes education and literacy into account.

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23
Q

What is a weaknesses of using HDI to measure human development.

A

No country’s will ever be 1
Does not include gender equality or food intake.
These factors are affected by wealth.

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24
Q

What is required to improve healthcare in a country?

A

Wealth to buy equipment and pay for jobs.

Higher education to teach people in healthcare and education.

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25
Q

Why would health and education improve a country’s wealth?

A

More people can reach higher earning jobs.
Healthcare allows people to work more taking less sick leave.
It allows a greater disposable income.

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26
Q

Is Russia’s GDP per capita high or low ?

A

It is relatively low at £9,340

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27
Q

How does Russia’s literacy rate and gender equality compare?

A

Russia has a low gender equality rate at 9.442 which contrasts the the illiteracy rate of 1.

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28
Q

Does Russia suffer with a lack of nutrition?

A

No it is averagely over 3000 calories

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29
Q

Why does Russia have a low life expectancy?

A

Because of high outward migration

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30
Q

Some countries have a high GDP but a low HDI because great wealth is in the hands of few. Name two countries that are very un unequal

A

Quatar and UAE

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31
Q

What is a MIC?

A

Middle income countries- it is a new group of emerging countries.

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32
Q

What are NIC’s?

A

Newly industrialised country’s.

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33
Q

What are RIC’s

A

Rapidly increasing country’s such as China in 2005

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34
Q

What are BRIC’s

A

HIC’s + Brazil and Russia

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35
Q

What are poorer countries such as the global North?

A

LIC’s

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36
Q

Give some examples of BRIC’s

A

Brazil, Russia, China, India

37
Q

Name some MIC’s

A

Brazil, Russia, Spain, Italy, Greece.

38
Q

Name some NIC’s

A

Brazil, Indonesia, Thailand

39
Q

Name some RIC’s

A

China (2005)

Parhaps India

40
Q

how are the global North and South split?

A

Between America and Mexico, above Europe, below Russia and around Australia.
The global North are HIC’s and the South is LIC’S. The line is called the North South Divide.

41
Q

How long ago was the North South divide created?

A

0ver 3 decades ago

42
Q

What has changed since the Brandt report release the North South divide?

A

The emerging MIC’s including Peru, Chile and Brazil. This was pushed natural resources (iron ore) and urbanisation.

43
Q

When did China and India undergo rapid development?

A

1990s mainly because of TNC’s

44
Q

In the cycle of poverty what are the next two stages after lack of money for investment?

A

Production is low

Few goods to export

45
Q

What causes government officials siphon off income according to the economic cycle of poverty.

A

Low GDP per capita and government tax getting too little causes government officials to siphon of income

46
Q

What two stages lead to people not able to work through ill health on the cycle of poverty?

A

Government tax gets too little meaning there is little to spend on education and healthcare.

47
Q

Using examples from sub-Saharan countries describe the barriers that prevent its progress.

A

In Malawi goods produced cannot be easily traded because it is landlocked, all trade needs to travel down a single, slow railway through Mozambique. Furthermore Mozambique would charge for this service decreasing profits. Malawi also suffers from HIV/AIDS which decreases the amount of working population within the age range to economically active. This reduces money gained by Malawi.

48
Q

What is the problem with getting goods out of Malawi to trade?

A

Malawi is land locked

It costs to use Mozambique’s railway lines and ports and it is a slow single track railway.

49
Q

Why do Malawi exports not earn enough money?

A

Malawi exports only primary goods such as tea, sugar, and tobacco whereas it imports secondary goods like fertilisers.

50
Q

What problems does Malawi have regarding films and fertilisers?

A

Poor infrastructure for transport alongside poor communication
This stops businesses thriving.
There is no money to improve water supply’s.

51
Q

What does Malawi need to do to develop?

A

Malawi is only likely to develop if it increases its trade.
Malawi faces a low trade tariff
If Malawi roasted its coffee beans their value would increase.
However it’s cheaper for coffee companies to roast their own beans due to the trade tariffs

52
Q

Why is HIV/AID’s so bad in Malawi?

A

20% of adults are infected ( thousands each year)
Low life expectancy 20-30
This results in poverty as people are most economically active at this age.
Only a third of people with HIV are being treated due to the higher cost.

53
Q

State the multiplier effect step by step.

A 
Investment 
Growth of industry 
Needs workforce 
People move there
Needs houses, water, services
Workers need to build these
Workers need food
Shops open more services needed
Demanded for workers increases
Growth continues and settlement and economy expand.
54
Q

What does the multiplier effect do to Yøung people?

A

The multiplier effect attracts young people from the periphery to the core therefore leaving the periphery behind.

55
Q

What is the cycle of poverty (not the economic cycle of poverty) ?

A

➡️subsistence agriculture ➡️ little or no surplus from produce ➡️little or no income ➡️no investment in land improvement or machinery or materials ➡️subsistence agriculture

56
Q

What may be cause in small subsistence agriculture when a family member becomes I’ll?

A

Less produce is produced
No income or improvement
Cannot pay land owner or any debts
Suicide caused by debt or migration to shanty towns.

57
Q

No small subsistence agriculture in developing countries what may be caused by a family member migrating to Mumbai or another city?

A

Money can be sent home to improve machinery and materials, increasing crop yield.
It can be harder to work the land with fewer people.

58
Q

Who is Rostow?

A

American economist
Anti-communist
Based on experience of Europe North America and Australia be beloved there were 5 stages to a countries development.

59
Q

What were the 5 stages of development in Rostows theory?

And name a country to fit with each stage.

A 
Traditional society - Mali
The preconditions for take-off Sri- Lanka
Take off- Chile
The drive to maturity - Singapore 
High age of mass consumption - Australia
60
Q

In Rostows theory what does the stage ‘traditional society mean’?

A

Most people work in agriculture, but produce little surplus. This is a subsistence economy.

61
Q

In Rostows theory what does the stage ‘pre-conditions for take off’ mean?

A

There’s a shift from farming to manufacturing. Trade increases profits, which are invested into industry’s and infrastructure. Agriculture produces crops for sale.

62
Q

In Rostows theory what does the stage ‘take off’.

A

Growth is rapid. Investment and technology creates new manufacturing industries.
Take-off requires investment from profits earned oversea’s.

63
Q

In Rostows theory what does the stage ‘drive to maturity’

A

A period of growth technology is used throughout the economy - industry’s produce consumer goods.

64
Q

In Rostows theory what does the stage ‘age of high mass consumption’ mean ?

A

A period of comfort, consumers enjoy a wide range of goods, society’s choose how to spend wealth, either on military strength or education and welfare.

65
Q

Who is Frank?

Regarding Franks dependancy theory.

A

Frank was an economist in 1970 and believed In the dependancy theory that

Low value materials are traded between the periphery and the core.
The core process these into higher value goods.

66
Q

Give an example of the periphery on Franks dependancy theory.

A

Malawi

67
Q

Give an example of the semi-periphery on Franks dependancy theory.

A

Chile

68
Q

Give an example of the core on Franks dependancy theory.

A

Germany

69
Q

Give an example of top-down development.

A

The ‘green revolution’
In the 1970’s scientists working for TNC’s developed a new rice seed which was a higher yielding variety than the traditional varieties which didn’t always produce enough food and led to hunger.
The rice plants are shorter, grow quicker and produce more rice.

70
Q

Name 4 disadvantages of the ‘Green revolution’ where scientists developed to rice seeds?

A

Farmers now had to buy new seeds each year instead of saving some from the previous year.
The seeds are high yielding but need more irrigation.
Incomes have risen for the rich
Over use of chemicals to control pests has increased resistance to pesticides.

71
Q

In India which is the richest core region? And why

A

Maharashtra with over 2,000,000 persons, because it contains the city of Mumbai.

72
Q

Where has Mumbai’s economic growth come from? Give examples.

A
  1. Services (banking, IT, call centres) graduates from Mumbai’s university’s can get jobs in call centres like BT.
  2. Manufacturing- half on Mumbai’s factory workers make clothing. Other industry’s include food processing, steel and engineering.
  3. Construction boom building factories and offices.
  4. Mumbai has the worlds largest film industry (Bollywood)
73
Q

Which Indian state is the poorest and most rural - the periphery.

A

Bihar rural property - less than 1,000,000.

74
Q

What makes Bihar a poor rural region?

A

86% of the population is rural.
Half of Bihar’s population lives below the poverty line.
Bihar is also a culture based society where children rarely reach year 12 (2%) and women rarely own land.

75
Q

Describe a top down project

A

TNC’s or governments provide large amounts of money for a big scheme such a Dam. Money is meant to trickle into poorer people but most people don’t get a say. Often big businessmen gain the most from these projects.

76
Q

Explain bottom up development

A

A small scale project funded often by charity’s, using cheap and often local resources to benefit local people directly, benefiting others with time.
Bottom up development aids the people most in need before those with higher income.

77
Q

Give an example of bottom up development.

A

POO

Cow dung fermentation.

78
Q

Why is cow dung fermentation good for local families?

A

Less time is spent collecting fuel wood
There’s no ash so less time is spent cleaning
Instant heat so. Cooking is quicker
There’s no smoke so less lung disease and less time spent wood collecting - school and work.

79
Q

Why is rainfall in India such a problem?

A

India’s climate means from May to September it undergoes a monsoon season and November to March it undergoes a dry season making it hard for people ( such as farmers) to make a living all year round.
The demand for water is increasing due to a rising population.

80
Q

What development tackles rainfall problems in India and what type of development is this?

A

The Narmada river scheme is a set of dams to capture monsoon rains, it is a top down development.

81
Q

Why is the Narmada river scheme a solution to drought?

A

It stores monsoon water for the dry season
It encourages economic growth by providing drinking water (through purification) and HEP to cities and industry’s
Using the stored water opens up dry farmland in order to feed a growing population.

82
Q

How do farmers benefit from the Narmada river scheme?

A

A series of canals distribute water to other states in India, they will irrigate 1.8 million hectares of the driest parts of India.
Areas in India loose £20 billion in farm production a year.

83
Q

What are some economic benefits of the Narmada river scheme?

A
  • More jobs have been created

* People will buy the generated electricity

84
Q

What are the economic problems of the Narmada River scheme?

A

Few villages can afford the electricity produced by the damn.

85
Q

What are the social benefits of the Narmada River scheme?

A

Water available for irrigation gives people more time to do work or go to school.

86
Q

What are the social problems of the Narmada River scheme?

A

234 villages have been submerged, leaving 320,000 homeless.
Religious and historic sites have been flooded
Seismologists believe that the heavy eight of the dam could cause earthquakes that would destroy the dam and many lives.

87
Q

What are the environmental problems of the Narmada River scheme?

A

Farmland had been submerged - the soil salinity has decreased from irrigation, making it less useable.
A build up of silt from feeder rivers will decrease the dams captivity.

88
Q

What are the environmental benefits of the Narmada river dams?

A

Hydroelectric power is provided, reducing a need for burning fossil fuels which contribute to global warming

89
Q

Give a secondary benefit to the ‘green revolution’ regarding new rice crops.

A

It may lower food prices making it easier for poorer families.

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