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Geography B > Battle For The Biosphere > Flashcards

Battle For The Biosphere Flashcards

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0
Q

Name some features of a polar biome.

A

Permafrost, coniferous forest, tundra, mountain or Alpine.

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1
Q

What are the three main biomes?

A

Temperate, tropical and polar

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2
Q

Name some features of a temperate biome.

A

Temperate or deciduous forest.
Mediterranean.
Temperate grassland.
Mountains with snow, ice and glaciers.

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3
Q

Name some features of tropical biome.

A 
Mangrove swamps.
Mixed forest
Mountain or alpine
Coniferous forest
Tropical rainforest
Hot desert
Tundra
Temperate grassland 
Tropical grassland (savanna)
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4
Q

Give an example of a Tropical grassland biome.

A

Central and eastern Africa.

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5
Q

Give an example of hot desert,

A

Northern Africa.

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6
Q

Give an example of tropical rainforest.

A

Top of brazil

Lower Mexico

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7
Q

Give an example of a temperate grassland biome?

A

Northern China

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8
Q

Give an example of coniferous forest.

A

Russia

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9
Q

Give an example of tundra biome.

A

Northern Canada

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10
Q

What is the biosphere’s and which major biomes is the world split into?

A

The biosphere is a part if the earths surface inhabited by living things.
A biome is a world scale ecosystem. The world can be divided into nine major biomes. The location and characteristics of each biome are mainly determined by climate factors affects growth.

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11
Q

What is the meaning of tropical?

A

Promoting growth all years round, hot and wet.

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12
Q

What is the meaning of temperate?

A

Seasonally lacking in heat/ and or water.

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13
Q

What is the meaning of polar?

A

Always cold and dry.

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14
Q

What is the meaning of tundra?

A

Lacking in heat, marginally seasonal, often on permafrost.

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15
Q

What is the meaning of deciduous?

A

Seasonal, temperate.

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16
Q

How does altitude affect temperature?

A

Altitude is the distance going up - temperature decreases which height.

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17
Q

What dies latitude affect?

A

The amount of sunlight.

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18
Q

What are some characteristics of a marine biome.

A

Warmer all year round
More precipitation
Keeps continental area’s wet

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19
Q

What are some characteristics of a continental biome?

A

Less moisture from seas causes it to be dryer and have less precipitation.

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20
Q

What is the main factor affecting plant growth?

A

The average temperature.

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21
Q

From what point on the earth dies the temperature slowly decrease as you move away from?

A

The equator.

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22
Q

Why do plants grow well in the tropics?

A

In the tropics the subs ray’s are high in the sky for the whole year.
Theses rays are concentrated over a smaller area than the poles.
Concentrated rays provide a lot of heat and sunlight.
Plants grow well so there is dense population in the tropics.

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23
Q

Why do plants grow slowly in polar regions?

A

In polar areas, the sun’s rays are
less concentrated.
The lack of heat and light limits vegetation growth.
Plants are stunted and low growing.

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24
Q

Where dies precipitation happen?

A

Precipitation happens in low-pressure belts, where air masses converge and air rises.

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25
Q

What ate the two main areas of year-round rainfall?

A

The two main areas of year round rainfall occurs at the equator and at mid-latitudes, such as the UK.
Forests grow on both of theses areas.

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26
Q

What do high pressure zones cause in polar and desert area’s?

A

In polar and desert area’s.high pressure zones occur, causing dry conditions.

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27
Q

What changes the whole patten of pressure belts?

A

Seasons

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28
Q

Which areas sometimes become low-pressure zones and experience rainy seasons for nearly half a year?

A

Mediterranean and tropical areas.

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29
Q

What local factors affect climate?

A

Altitude; temperatures decrease by 1°for every 100 m in height.
Rainfall; altitude also effects rainfall in general the higher the altitude, the higher the rainfall totals tent to be.

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30
Q

What local factors affect drainage?

A

In large river delta’’s and area with permeable soils and rock marshes are present.

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31
Q

Describe the UK’s soils.

A

The aUK’s natural temperate forest is dominated by oak. Areas of alkaline soil (chalk and limestone) have more ash and beech trees. In waterlogged and acidic soil, birch, willow and alder are more common.

32
Q

What are pressure belts?

A

The regions of the atmosphere which run around the earth. They are parallel to the equator. Some are higher pressure areas. Others are low pressure areas.

33
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

The genetic information contained in organisms.

34
Q

What are giant companies operating in many countries?

A

Trans-national companies.

35
Q

What is the name for the people’s who have lived in a country for many generations?

A

Indigenous people.

36
Q

What does sustainable mean?

A

A process that does no lasting harm to the people of the environment.

37
Q

What is meaning of biodiversity?

A

Is the range of animal and plant life found in an area

38
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The range of animal and plant life found in an area.

39
Q

What is degradation?

A

The damage caused to ecosystems and the loss of biodiversity which can lead to their destruction.

40
Q

What is the biosphere and what does it provide?

A

The biosphere is a life support system.
It provides us with a range of goods e.g. Water, soil, woods and medicine.
+ many services.

41
Q

Name an economic service of the biosphere.

A

The reefs and forests also provide scenery for tourism.

42
Q

How does the biosphere protect water?

A

The biosphere protects water because forests stop erosion and protects water sheds, an area that is drained through rivers and storms ect - this keeps water pure. Also mangroves provide protection from coastal flooding.

43
Q

How does the biosphere maintain the environment?

A

Regulating the composition of the atmosphere.
Maintaining the health of the soil.
Regulating water within the hydrological cycle.
The biosphere keeps air clean because forests take in CO2 and release O2.

44
Q

Give an example of areas in which there is great biodiversity In the biosphere.

A

Reefs and rain forests because may varieties of organisms live there.

45
Q

How does the biosphere improve soil fermentation.

A

The biosphere provides humous.

46
Q

Give some examples of goods produced by the biosphere.

A

Food, fibre and crops.
Fruit, nuts and rubber.
Meat, fish, hides, timbre, fuel wood.

47
Q

Why would indigenous people want the forests to be maintained not destroyed?

A

Forests protect the ground from heavy rain, therefore the soil is not washed away and there is no flooding, the soil is nutrient rich.

48
Q

How do forests protect wildlife and habitats?

A

The wood stops landslides.

Provides clean drinking water from the water shed, the trees hold silt and filter the water.

49
Q

What is a major problem caused by deforestation that is not caused by indigenous people?

A

Desertification
The indigenous people will not cause desertification as their slash and burn techniques are small scale and areas will regrow.

50
Q

What does the wide range of goods and services the biosphere provides cause?

A

Different people and organisations (known as players) want to use the biosphere in different ways.
TNC’s and governments often have completely different idea’s about the value of the biosphere. Their plans conflict with the needs of local people.

51
Q

Name some ecological uses of protected rain forests.

A

Watershed protection
Flood/landslide protection
Soil erosion control
Climate and weather regulation

52
Q

Name some possible genetic uses of a protected rainforest.

A

Medicines
New strains for crops
Gum resins and oils.

53
Q

Name some commercial uses of a protected rainforest.

A

Pulpwood, charcoal, industrial chemicals, logs available, plywood, fuel wood, veneer.

Subsistence needs; 
Building poles and housing.
Fruit and nuts.
Green medicine available.
Weaving material and dye's
Fodder and agricultural uses.
54
Q

Name some characteristics of an deforested rainforest.

A 
Muddy water as it won't be filtered.
Hotter weather
All top layers of soil will be eroded
Hotter weather, even desertification
Flooding
55
Q

Which possible genetic uses will a deforested rainforest have?

A

No new medicines
No new strains for crops
No gum oils in the rainforest instead produced by plantations.

56
Q

What commercial uses will a deforested rainforest have?

A

Logs will be used.
No remaining pulpwood
No chemicals
Plywood and veneer will be made for. Softer wood.

57
Q

Name some possible subsistence uses of a deforested rainforest.

A 
No fuel or charcoal
No natural fruit and nuts
No where to find green medicines
Fuel wood and charcoal can't be produced their
Building pokes will be used up.
58
Q

How species have we lost from the biosphere?

A

In the region of 4000 species per year.

We will loose 0.7% of all species over the next 50 years.

59
Q

What is an economic effect of mining?

A

Causes conflict over land.

60
Q

What is a environmental effect of mining?

A

90% of fish caught by rural villages south of gold mining were contaminated by menthol Mercury which is dangerous for the nervous system and foetuses.

61
Q

Name a social impact of mining.

A

Indigenous villages rely on the fish.

Indigenous people have been pushed of land for mining.

62
Q

Name a environmental impact of deforestation.

A

Damages quality land.

Rainforest would completely vanish in 100 years at the rate of deforestation.

63
Q

What is a social impact of deforestation?

A

Cuts down indigenous people land.

64
Q

What is an economic impact of deforestation?

A

There is lots of money in wood and agriculture.5

65
Q

What is a social impact of cattle ranching.

A

Reduces tourism

66
Q

What is a economic impact of cattle ranching.

A

Meat is sold to many countries.

Can cause slavery.

67
Q

What is a environmental impact of cattle ranching.

A

340 million tonnes of carbon increased risk of fire.

Accounts for 86% of deforestation.

68
Q

How much do different factors impact the rainforest?

A

The biggest cause of deforestation is cattle ranching along with small scale agriculture however large scale agriculture is a smaller 5-10% and logging only 2-3%.

69
Q

Name some direct threats of deforestation.

A 
Amazon rainforest creates 20% of the worlds oxygen and contains 40,000 plant species and 2 million insect species.
Deforestation;
Cattle ranching
Small scale farming
Large scale farming 
Logging
70
Q

Name some examples of climate stress on the rainforest.

A

Two severe droughts in 2005 and 2010 on the rainforest .
Drought increase risk of forest fires.
During the droughts the rainforest switched from absorbing carbon dioxide to emitting it and can cause permanent damage.

71
Q

Give some examples of how global warming effects the rainforest.

A 
Global warming is an indirect threat and causes;
Plants to flower earlier
Bird migration patterns to change
Vegetation to move towards the poles
The Arctic tundra to warm
72
Q

If the average global temperatures rose by 1° what would be the impacts on species?

A

10% of land species face extinction.

73
Q

If the average global temperatures rose by 2° what would be the impacts on species?

A

15-40% of land species face extinction.

74
Q

If the average global temperatures rose by 1° what would be the impacts on biomes?

A

Alpine, mountain and tundra biomes shrink as the temperature rise’s.

75
Q

If the average global temperatures rose by 2° what would be the impacts on biomes?

A

Biomes begin to shift towards he poles and animals migration patterns and breeding time changes.
Extreme weather at unusual times of the year, such as heat waves and blizzards, affect pollination and migration.

76
Q

If the average global temperatures rises by 3° what would be the impacts on species?

A

20-50% of land species dave extinction.

77
Q

If the average global temperatures rises by 3° what would be the impacts on biomes?

A

Forest biomes are stressed by drought and fire risks increases in grassland. Flooding causes loss of coastal mangroves.
Pest and diseases thrive in the rising temperatures such as bark beetles which can devastate coniferous forests.

78
Q

Explain how climate controls he distribution of biomes such as tropical rainforests.

A

Rainforest need high temperatures to support water cycle and the range of plants.
They need rainfall to keep high levels of moisture meaning rainforests are found near the equator.

Geography B (12 decks)

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