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Geography B > Coasts > Flashcards

Coasts Flashcards

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0
Q

What are some advantages of living on the coast?

A

A favourable climate, scenery, recreational benefits, wind power, tourism, flat land for farming and the ability to export and import goods.
Also there is access to the sea for fish and other resources.

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1
Q

What is the meaning of hard and soft coastlines?

A

Hard rock coastlines are usually made up of rock such as granite whereas soft rocks are usually made of clay and sandstone. Hard rock coastlines tend to have more features like cliffs whereas softer rock will often form beaches.

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2
Q

Name three types of erosion.

A

Hydronic action, abrasion and weathering.

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3
Q

What is the process of stones and sediment colliding and breaking down into smaller rounder sediment called ?

A

Attrition.

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4
Q

How is a wave cut notch formed on a cliff face?

A

Wave power is concentrated at the base of a cliff, where abrasion forms a wave cut notch.

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5
Q

What happens to a large crack in a cliff on a headland?

A

It forms a cave which, with weathering grows larger.

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6
Q

How does a small notch in a cliff face create a large crack?

A

Hydraulic action.

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7
Q

What is the next stage in the erosion of a headland when a large cave has been formed?

A

The cave breaks through the headland forming a natural arch.

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8
Q

How is a stump formed from a arch on a headland?

A

The arch us eroded and collapses , this leaves a tall rock called a stack. The stack is weeded forming a stump.

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9
Q

How is a wave cut platform created?

A

Wave power concentrates at the bottom of the cliff and forms a notch because of abrasion. When the notch grows the overhanging cliff becomes unstable and collapses. This results in a pile of rock debris at the base of the cliff that forms a wave cut platform.

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10
Q

What does a wave cut platform do to the cliff face?

A

Protects the cliff from further erosion.

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11
Q

Why are headlands formed?

A

Rock layers of igneous and metamorphic or sedimentary rock mean areas of rock erode faster than others, headlands are harder rock types the stick out into the sea, bays are formed where softer rock types are.

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12
Q

What is the word to describe a coast with only one rock type?

A

Concordant

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13
Q

What is the word to describe a rock coast with many types of rock?

A

Discordant

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14
Q

What is a small natural crack found in many rocks called ?

A

Joints

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15
Q

What is a fault?

A

A large crack caused in the past by tectonic movements.

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16
Q

How was Lulworth Cove formed?

A

Erosion by sea cuts through resistant limestone and firms a break in the cliff. Less resistant sand and clays are eroded and therefore a cave forms.
Sea reaches resistant chalk.
Sea can’t erode chalk and widens the cove.

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17
Q

What is hydraulic action?

A

Water is forced into cracks in the rocks.

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18
Q

What is abrasion?

A

Loose rocks are thrown against the edge of the cliff.

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19
Q

What is a wave cut notch?

A

A large crack opened by erosion.

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20
Q

What is a fetch?

A

The distance duration and strength of the wind blows that lows over the water.

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21
Q

What does the size of wave depend on?

A

The strength of the wave.
How long the wind blows for.
The length of water the wind blows over, called a fetch.

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22
Q

What is the wave amplitude?

A

The vertical height from trough to crest.

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23
Q

What is the wavelength of a wave?

A

The distance from trough to trough.

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24
Q

What is the pebbles and debris on a beach called?

A

Beach berm

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25
Q

What is summer wave?

A

A gently sloping wave, with strong swash to transport sand up a gently sloping beach. These waves are called spilling waves with long wavelengths and low amplitude.

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26
Q

What wave often occurs in the winter?

A

A winter destructive wave.

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27
Q

Describe a destructive wave.

A

Destructive waves have a larger amplitude and a shorter wavelength than spilling waves. The waves have steep fronts and firm a plunging wave with a rip current.

28
Q

What is the effect of a rip current on a beach?

A

Strong backwash erodes the beach sand which is carried offshore by a underwater current. The sand is deposited out at sea forming a offshore bar.

30
Q

His is a shallow lagoon formed?

A

An area of softer rock is eroded and alongshore drift causes the entrance to be blocked by a bar of sand across the mouth of a lagoon.
It is important habitat for birds.

31
Q

How are sand dunes formed?

A

By onshore winds blowing sand into the shoreline.

32
Q

When does alongshore drift occur.

A

Longshoremen drift occurs when the prevailing wind causes waves to hit the shore at an angle. This pulls sediment and pebbles further up or down the shore, the tide then pulls the sediment out perpendicular to beach before the waves repeat the zig-zag motion.

32
Q

Why do many spits have curved ends?

A

It is caused by waves from different directions pushing the end of the spit up river curving its end.

33
Q

What is a spit?

A

A spit is a sand and shingle bar over a river mouth where longshore drift drags sand up the beach.
Salt marshes often formed behind spits.

34
Q

What is it called when the beach grows out to meet an island just offshore?

A

A Tombolo

35
Q

What type of grass grows on sand dunes and why?

A

Marram grass develops on sand dunes. It has adapted to survive salt water, have tough waxy leaves to stop it being sand blasted and have long roots to hold them in place in highly winds.

36
Q

Why are tombolo’s produced?

A

Tombolo’s are often produced when there are two longshore drift currents in longshore drift.

37
Q

What is swash?

A

Swash pushes sand and gravel up the beach at the angle of the waves hitting the beach.

38
Q

What is back wash?

A

Backwash carries sand and gravel back down the beach at 90° under the force of gravity. Swash and backwash should be used when describing longshore drift.

39
Q

Name two reasons why the sea levels are rising.

A

The water is warming and expanding -thermal decomposition.

Melting ice sheets are contributing to the rise.

40
Q

Name several area rising sea levels will affect.

A

Bangladesh, 15% of the country is low lying.
London
The Maldives

41
Q

Name a few cites at risk of flooding.

A 
Hong Kong
Mumbai
Tokyo
London
Bangkok
42
Q

Name a few threats to the Maldives from climate change.

A

Regular tide causes raised sea levels.
Thermal expansion causing sea levels to rise.
Melting ice.
Changing levels causing coral to die damaging natural defence from tsunami’s.

43
Q

Name debatably consequences of rising sea levels in the Maldives.

A

Houses flooded or destroyed with little or no insurance.
People’s jobs in tourism and fishing at threat meaning loss of income.
Expensive sea defences costing the government money.

44
Q

How much would sea levels have to rise in the Maldives for locals to evacuate the islands?

A

1 metre

45
Q

What is the first stage of coastal slumping of permeable sands, or impermeable clay.

A

The base of the cliff is eroded by abrasion and hydraulic action.

46
Q

What increases the rate of slumping cliff or rational slide of permeable cliffs.

A

Heavy rain saturated permeable cliff.
Weathering, like freeze thaw action weakens the rock.
Biological weathering.
Water flowing through permeable rock adding to the weight of the cliff.

47
Q

Name 5 stages of cliff collapsing due to mass movement called a rational slide.

A

The base of the cliff is eroded by abrasion and hydraulic action.
Heavy rain saturates permeable cliff.
Weathering, like freeze thaw action weakens the rock or biological weathering.
Water flowing through permeable rock adding to the weight of the cliff.
Buildings can add to the weight of the cliff.

48
Q

What makes Happisburgh worth protecting?

A

Homes (livelihoods)
Businesses (income/ economy)
Tourism (jobs)

49
Q

What makes Happisburgh not worth protecting?

A 
Expensive (cost)
It will not completely prevent erosion. 
Eyesore
Maintenance needed
Accessibility
50
Q

Name some causes of erosion.

A

Rain causing mud cliffs to collapse.
Hydraulic action and abrasion eroding cliffs.
Weight from houses.
Biological weathering.
Storms (may be caused by climate change)
Sea defences.

51
Q

Why is Happisburgh eroding so fast?

A

The cliffs are soft, sand on top and clay below.
Rain saturates the permeable sand which sits on impermeable clay.
Waves erode the cliff from below.

52
Q

What does hard engineering mean?

A

Using concrete and other materials to stop waves in their tracks.

53
Q

What is the term for using smaller structures such as beach nourishment to reduce energy in the waves?

A

Soft engineering.

54
Q

Name 5 hard engineering examples.

A

Revetments, rock armour, groynes, rock armour, sea wall, stepped sea wall.

55
Q

What is the most expensive type of hard engineering?

A

A stepped sea wall at £5000 a metre.

56
Q

What is the purpose of a sea wall?

A

Easy to build and looks natural.

57
Q

What is the purpose of a sea wall with steps?

A

Steps dissipate wave energy.

58
Q

What is the purpose of revetments?

A

A cheap type of sea defence (£1000 per metre) but not very strong, also used to strengthen cliffs and prevent slumping.

59
Q

What is the purpose of rock armour.

A

Easy to build and natural way of dissipating wave energy.

60
Q

What is the purpose of groins?

A

To prevent long shore drift and builds up beaches but may increase erosion down drift.

61
Q

Name some key players in the decisions at Happisburgh.

A

Local residents, tax payers, environmentalists, local politicians, local businesses and residents down drift.

62
Q

What is holistic management?

A

The modem way of managing the coast.
It is managing a stretch of coast and takes into account the different groups of people.
Economic costs and benefits of different strategies today and in the future.
Environment, both land and sea.

63
Q

What is integrated coastal management ?

A

For long stretches of coast a plan is drawn up called a shoreline management plan. This sets out how the coast will be managed. This prevents building groynes when it will cause erosion down drift.

64
Q

Name the 5 categories for coastal management.

A

Hold the line.
Advance.
Strategic retreat.
Do nothing.

65
Q

In holistic coastal management what does hold the line mean?

A

Use sea defences to stop erosion, and keep the coast where it is today. This is expensive.

66
Q

In holistic coastal management what does advance the line mean?

A

Use the sea defences to move the coast further out, thus if very expensive.

67
Q

In holistic coastal management what does strategic retreat mean?

A

Gradually let the coast erode and move people and businesses away from at risk areas. This may involve financial compensation for people when their homes are lost.

68
Q

In holistic coastal management what does do nothing.

A

Take no action at all and let nature take its course.

Geography B (12 decks)

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