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Geography B > Population Dynamics > Flashcards

Population Dynamics Flashcards

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0
Q

What is birth rate?

A

Number of babies for alive for every 1000 people per year.

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1
Q

What affects a counties growth rate?

A

Poorer countries are experiencing the highest growth rate.
The more developed countries have lower birth rates.
Religious view significantly affect birth rate.
Policies of governments
Attitudes toward contraception
Death rates can be affected by level of health care.

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2
Q

What is death rate?

A

Death rate is the number of people who die for every 1000 people in a year.

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3
Q

What is natural increase?

A

The number of people added or lost from the population for every 1000 people in a year.

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4
Q

How is natural increase affected by both birth rates and death rates?

A

A higher birth rate will increase the natural increase however a higher death rate would decrease the natural increase.
Birth rates could be higher due to religion, for example believing
contraception is wrong.
Birth rate might be lower because of government policies for example the one child policy in China.

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5
Q

What is stage one on the demographic transition model?

A

High stationary.
Death rate is high because of disease, famine, conflict, lack of clean water, poor medication.
Birth rate is high because of lack of birth control and low age of marriage.
Rate of natural increase stays low because of the death rate.
The UK was at this position before 1760.
Few places are stage one today apart from some remote tribes.

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6
Q

What is the meaning of stage two on the demographic transition model?

A

Early expanding.

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7
Q

What is the death rate at stage two on the demographic transition model?

A

Falling

Because of improved medicine, cleaner water, better food and improved sanitation.

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8
Q

What is the birth rate at stage two on the demographic transition model?

A

High

Lack of birth control, low age of marriage for women.

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9
Q

What is the rate of natural increase at stage two on the demographic transition model?

A

High

The total population increases rapidly as less people are dying, but birth rate is still high.

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10
Q

What is the UK’s position at stage two on the demographic transition model?

A

The UK was at stage two between 1760 and 1900 during the industrial revolution.

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11
Q

Give some examples of countries at stage two on the demographic transition model?

A

Some LIC’S ( Bangladesh, Niger)

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12
Q

What is the meaning of at stage three on the demographic transition model?

A

Late expanding.

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13
Q

What is the death rate at stage three on the demographic transition model?

A

Falling

Continued improved in medical care and sanitation, improved food and diet.

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14
Q

What is the birth rate at stage three on the demographic transition model?

A

Falling

Women are staying in education and marrying later. Birth control will be available.

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15
Q

What is the rate of natural increase at stage three on the demographic transition model?

A

High

Total population continues to grow as the birth rates are still higher than the death rates.

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16
Q

What is the UK’s position at stage three on the demographic transition model?

A

The UK was stage three between 1900 and 1950.

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17
Q

What are some examples of countries at stage three on the demographic transition model?

A

Many MIC’s such as India and Brazil.

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18
Q

What is the birth rate at stage four on the demographic transition model?

A

Low;
High cost of upbringing children
Women choosing careers before marriage.
Good access to birth control.

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19
Q

What is the death rate at stage four on the demographic transition model?

A

Low;
High standard of medical care.
Healthy lifestyles and good sanitation.

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20
Q

What is the rate of natural increase at stage four on the demographic transition model?

A

Very low;

Stable with low birth and death rates, there is little of no natural increase.

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21
Q

What is the UK’s position at stage four on the demographic transition model?

A

The UK has been stage four since about 1950.

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22
Q

What are some examples of countries at stage four on the demographic transition model?

A

Many HIC’s e.g. USA, France and Denmark.

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23
Q

What is the birth rate at stage five on the demographic transition model?

A

Very low;

Lifestyle changes more people choosing to have fewer children later in life.

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24
Q

What is the death rate at stage five on the demographic transition model?

A

Rising;

Elderly population so death rate raised slightly.

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25
Q

What is the rate of natural increase at stage five on the demographic transition model?

A

Negative - the total population begins to decline slowly as there is a higher birth rate than death rate.

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26
Q

When was the UK at stage five on the demographic transition model?

A

The UK could soon enter stage five.

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27
Q

Give some examples of countries at stage five on the demographic transition model?

A

Some HIC’s e.g. Japan, Russia, Germany.

This stage was not on the model when it was first designed.

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28
Q

What is fertility rate?

A

The average number of children born to a women in her lifetime.

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29
Q

Where does population increase happen mainly?

A

Africa, the Middle East, parts of South America and South Asia.

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30
Q

Where is pointing balance mainly found?

A

North America and Europe.

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31
Q

Where does population decline mainly happen?

A

Russia and East Europe.

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32
Q

Compare the death rate of a low income country compared to a middle income county.

A

The death rate in Yemen is 8 compared to 16 in Russia.

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33
Q

Compare the birth rate of a low income country compared to a middle income county.

A

Yemen has a birth rate of 40 whereas Russia has a birth rate of 10.

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34
Q

Compare the natural increase of a low income country compared to a middle income county.

A

Yemen has a natural increase of 3.2 whereas Russia has a natural increase of -0.6.

35
Q

Compare the average GNI of a low income country compared to a middle income county.

A

The average GNI of Yemen is $870 whereas Russia has a average GNI of$7560.

36
Q

Compare the population size of a low income country compared to a middle income county.

A

Yemen has a population size of 21 million whereas Russia has a population size of 9 million.

37
Q

What is the percentage of women married by the age of sixteen in a low income country.

A

In Yemen it is 48%

38
Q

Compare the life expectancy of a low income country compared to a middle income county.

A

Yemen has an increasing life expectancy due to improved child vaccinations whereas in Russia life expectancy is low due to industrial diseases and drinking.
There is a high outward migration.

39
Q

Explain the differences between the bottom heavy population pyramid of Japan in 1950 and the top heavy population pyramid in 2050.

A

In 1950’s people in Japan got married earlier, giving more chance to have children.
In 1950’s there was less available contraception.
In 2050 contraception will be readily available and marriage age older meaning families will have less or no children.
There will be good healthcare allowing people to live longer.

40
Q

Describe what is meant by an aging population.

A

An ageing population is caused by a low birth rate after a higher birth rate, this causes the average population to be older and retired.

41
Q

Outline two problems faced by a an ageing population.

A

In Japan, the government is having to increase taxes to pay for increased pensions, meaning people are having to work longer. The cost of health care will rise as people live longer costing the tax payers more money.

42
Q

What type of population does Mexico have?

A

Mexico has a large youthful population. Under 15’s make up 28% of the population. Just over 5% of the population are over 65.

43
Q

How is Mexico’s population growing?

A

The population grew from just 20 million in 1940 to 70 million by 1980, and is fast approaching 115 million.

44
Q

What is the fertility rate in Mexico?

A

The fertility rate in 1970 was as high as 7.1 but is now approximately 2.7, still above replacement level.

45
Q

What is the average age in Mexico?

A

The average age in Mexico is just 27.

47% of Mexico’s youthful population are now entering childbearing age.

46
Q

What is the word for caves out on a population pyramid?

A

convex

47
Q

What is the word to describe a top heavy population pyramid?

A

Convex

48
Q

What is the word for caves in on a population pyramid?

A

Concave

49
Q

Describe how Mexico’s population pyramid has changed from concave to convex.

A

The 1980’s pyramid has a concave shape because of the low population between 20 and 65, however in 2000 many people are now in that age category and the pyramid is therefore convex.

50
Q

How would the natural increase in population have changed after 1950?

A

At 1950 the natural increase begins to speed up due to a growing population being the right age to have children.

51
Q

In Singapore what pro-natalist policies were introduced?

A

In 2008 the baby bonus scheme increases the fertility because it made it easier to have children.

52
Q

If Singapore does not have enough children born what action might it take?

A

Singapore might have to open its gates to migration.

53
Q

Why would a country choose to increase its population?

A

More people to pay taxes give a country more stability.

54
Q

Why was china trying to reduce their population?

A

They cannot afford to get all their children through school and had a lack of resources.

55
Q

What was chinas fertility rate in the 1950’s?

A

6

56
Q

What action did china take in 1949-1958?

A

The new government of the people republic encouraged growth of a population to increase the workforce.

57
Q

What action did china take in 1959-1963?

A

A famine led to the government supplying contraceptives and encouraging late marriage.

58
Q

What action did china take in 1964-1977?

A

In built up areas national family planning office was set up to lower the fertility rate.

59
Q

What action did china take from 1978?

A

The one child policy was introduced.

60
Q

What are the impacts of the one child policy on industry?

A

The number of children starting work will half between 2010 to 2020.

61
Q

What are the impacts of the one child policy on the elderly?

A

Children may be expected to look after 4 grandparents and two parents. The 4,2,1 impact.

62
Q

What are the impacts of the one child policy on marriage?

A

1 in 10 men may not have a wife because of a preference over men than women.

63
Q

How does England control its population?

A

Choosing what migrants enter the country that noisy the economy.

64
Q

What population policy does India have?

A

Anti Natalist

65
Q

What population policy does Sweden have?

A

Pro Natalist

66
Q

What population policy does Russia have?

A

Immigration policy

67
Q

What population policy does the UK have?

A

Immigration policy

68
Q

What population policy does Singapore have?

A

Pro Natalist

69
Q

What population policy does China have?

A

Anti Natalist

70
Q

What is India’s population, population status and explain its policy.

A

1,205 million and growing

Encouraging couples to have two children, if they have two children they get benefits.

71
Q

What is Sweden’s population, population status and explain its policy.

A

9 million, growth

They introduced cash benefits for having children.

72
Q

What is Russia’s population, population status and explain its policy.

A

9 million + growing
Starting in 2007 Russia aimed to stabilise their population offering more money to encourage Russians that moved abroad to come back and encourage clever migrants.

73
Q

What is The UK’s population, population status and explain its policy.

A

63 million and growing

Until 2012 there was no intervention then policy’s moved to immigration.

74
Q

What is Singapore’s population, population status and explain its policy.

A 
5 million and growing 
Incentives or benefits.
Paid child care leave up to six weeks
Subsidised child care
Baby bonus schemes
Social interaction schemes
Encourages Singaporean families to have at least two children.
75
Q

What are the positive impacts of immigration?

A

It can connect people to foreign countries.
We are a multi-cultural society
Can counter balance an ageing population.

76
Q

What are the negative impacts of immigration?

A

It can strain welfare and healthcare systems.
It can cause an overcrowded jobs market.
Immigrants can remain isolated causing stereotypes.

77
Q

Give a reason why Britain had set a limit on migrant workers?

A

2 1/2 million people are out of work.

78
Q

Why would USA want to control its jobs market?

A

So they don’t get an overcrowded jobs market and schools.

USA would also want a sustainable population.

79
Q

What are the USA’s population policy’s ?

A

Re-unite family’s which stops re-admittance payments.
Prove refuge for people who face racial, political or religious persecution in their country of origin- helps USA to. This builds a multi-cultural society and improves trading connections with other countries.
Increase diversity by admitting people from other countries previously low in immigration to the US bringing new cultures and foods.

80
Q

What are the advantages of immigration to the U.S.

A

Immigrants contribute to the U.S. economy.
Foreign-born workers fill unskilled, low wage jobs.
40% of US scientists were born abroad immigrants are likely to start up businesses and provide four they employment.

81
Q

What are the disadvantages of immigration to the U.S.

A

Wages can be forced down.
Health and welfare systems are strained.
Immigrants often socialise in their own communities and do not integrate.

82
Q

What is the UK’s migration policy since 2012?

A

Skill tests only allowing 100,000 migrants in per year, however they cannot stop members of the EU migrating and therefore the focus has been on migrant workers and students which Britain really benefits from.

83
Q

What is the tier system in the UK?

A 
The scheme system awards points for the skills in demand you have the more pints you are rewarded. There are 5 'tiers' to this system.
Highly skilled
Skilled with a job offer
Low skilled
Students
Temporary workers.
84
Q

What is a open door approach?

A

When a country encourages migrants to move in often for economic reasons.

85
Q

What is quota based migration?

A

Where a country sets limits on the number of legal migrants that it is prepared to allow in each year.

Geography B (12 decks)

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