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BIOL 314 Exam 4 > Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance > Flashcards

Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance Flashcards

1
Q

approximately _____ to ______ of our total body weight is due to fluids

A

55% ; 60%

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2
Q

total body water

A

a function of age, sex, body mass, and body fat

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3
Q

about two-thirds of the water in our body is

A

intracellular fluid (ICF)

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4
Q

the remaining one-third of the water in the body is

A

extracellular fluid (ECF)

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5
Q

ECF

A

distributed among interstital fluid, blood plasma, lymph, and trans-cellular fluid

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6
Q

water movement

A

water moves between the ICF and the ECF by osmosis in order to maintain homeostasis

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7
Q

osmotic gradients bteween ICF and ECF

A

tend to be short-lived

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8
Q

water balance occurs when

A

fluid intake equals fluid output under normal conditions

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9
Q

fluid gain

A

primarily due to preformed water from ingested foods/liquids, but metabolic water from chemical reactions in cells contributes to fluid gain

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10
Q

fluid loss

A

comes from obligatory water loss (insensible or sensible)

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11
Q

insensible water loss

A

comes from expired breath, perspiration, cutaneous transpiration, and defecation

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12
Q

sensible water loss

A

comes from urine

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13
Q

volume of fluid lost

A

varies with physical activity and environmental conditions

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14
Q

water intake

A

controlled by hypothalamic “thirst center” that responds to dehydration

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15
Q

falling blood pressure

A

will trigger release of angiotensin II

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16
Q

rising blood osmolarity

A

will trigger release of ADH

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17
Q

increasing osmolarity of the ECF

A

will be detected by osmoreceptors

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18
Q

water output

A

controlled by variations in urine volume usually linked to sodium reabsorption

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19
Q

kidneys begin to eliminate water within

A

30 minutes of ingestion

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20
Q

ADH allows kidneys to

A

reabsorb more water and produce less urine

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21
Q

fluid deficiency

A

occurs when water output exceeds water input over a long period of time

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22
Q

hypovolemia

A

occurs when the body eliminates water and sodium without adequately replacing them

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23
Q

hypovolemia- total body water declines but

A

osmolarity remains stable

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24
Q

hypovolemia is caused by

A

hemorrhage, severe burns, chronic vomiting, or chronic diarrhea

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25
Q

cold weather affects fluid balance by

A

raising urine output

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26
Q

during cold weather, blood vessels

A

constrict in order to conserve heat but this raises blood pressure which inhibits ADH secretion and stimulates ANP secretion

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27
Q

cold, dry air affect on water loss

A

it increases water loss during respiration

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28
Q

dehydration

A

occurs when the body eliminates more water than sodium

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29
Q

dehydration can be caused by

A

diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, profuse sweating, or overuse of diuretics

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30
Q

water intoxication

A

occurs if the body replaces water without replacing sodium

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31
Q

in water intoxication, the ECF becomes

A

hypotonic and water moves into tissue cells causing them to swell

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32
Q

fluid sequestration

A

occurs if excess fluid accumulates in interstitial spaces (edema)

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33
Q

electrolytes are physiologically important in order for the body to

A

maintain homeostasis

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34
Q

electrolytes are

A
  • chemically reactive participants in metabolic pathways
  • help to determine electrical potential across cell membranes
  • control osmolarity of body fluids and water content and distribution
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35
Q

what is the usual reference point for measuring electrolyte concentration

A

blood plasma

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36
Q

sodium

A

the only electrolyte to exert significant osmotic pressure and it is essential for transmitting action potentials, for buffering the blood, and for creating the osmotic pressure that causes water to follow sodium from the blood plasma to the ICF to the interstitial fluid

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37
Q

adult’s daily needs of sodium

A

about 0.5 grams of sodium per day, but typically ingests between 3 and 7 grams per day, making sodium most abundant extracellular cation

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38
Q

what is the principal regulator of sodium levels

A

aldosterone

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39
Q

aldosterone- receptors are located in

A

ascending limb of nephron loop, DCT, cortical portion of collecting duct

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40
Q

estrogens

A

can mimic effects of aldosterone, causing female to retain sodium ions and water during her menstrual cycle and during pregnancy

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41
Q

hyponatremia

A

usually due to excessive water intake; decrease in sodium intake or increase in sodium loss can also contribute to hyponatremia

42
Q

consequences of hyponatremia

A

include muscle weakness, dizziness, headache, hypotension, tachycardia

43
Q

hypernatremia

A

due to dehydration or excessive sodium intake

44
Q

consequences of hypernatremia

A

include intense thirst, hypertension, edema, and convulsions

45
Q

potassium ions

A

the most abundant intracellular cations

46
Q

potassium balance is maintained by the

A

kidneys

47
Q

potassium ions help establish

A

resting membrane potentials and action potentials; they also determine intracellular osmolarity and cell volume

48
Q

what is the principal regulator of potassium levels

A

aldosterone

49
Q

action of aldosterone on potassium

A

when aldosterone stimulates reabsorption of sodium ions, it promotes secretion of potassium ions

50
Q

hypokalemia

A

can be caused by heavy sweating, chronic vomiting, chronic diarrhea, or laxative abuse

51
Q

consequences of hypokalemia

A

include muscle fatigue, loss of muscle tone, mental confusion, irregular heart activity

52
Q

hyperkalemia

A

can be caused by injuries that crush tissues, renal failure, aldosterone deficiency

53
Q

consequences of hyperkalemia

A

include irritability, nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, death can occur if heart rate gets increased too much

54
Q

calcium

A

the most abundant mineral in the body, but calcium ion concentration is kept low in cells

55
Q

calcium storage

A

in bone tissue

56
Q

calcium is involved in

A

blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, excitability of nervous tissue and muscle tissue

57
Q

what regulates the blood levels of calcium

A

parathyroid hormone and calcitriol

58
Q

hypocalcemia

A

can be caused by increased calcium loss, vitamin D deficiency, thyroid and/or parathyroid gland problems

59
Q

consequences of hypocalcemia

A

include numbness, and tingling, muscle cramps, convulsions, bone fractures

60
Q

hypercalcemia

A

can be caused by thyroid gland problems, parathyroid gland problems, overuse of vitamin D

61
Q

consequences of hypercalcemia

A

include lethargy, muscle weakness, cardiac arrhythmia, and mental disorientation

62
Q

chloride ions

A

the major extracellular anions

63
Q

functions of chloride ions

A

involved in regulating osmolarity between fluid compartments, forming stomach acid, loading and unloading carbon dioxide

64
Q

aldosterone and chloride ions

A

aldosterone indrectly regulates chloride levels because chloride ions follow sodium ions

65
Q

phosphate ions

A

highly concentrated in intracellular fluid

66
Q

functions of phosphate ions

A

participate in metabolic pathways and act as buffers that help to maintain pH of body fluids

67
Q

what regulates phosphate levels

A

parathyroid hormone

68
Q

hydrogen ion concentration

A

must be controlled to maintain blood pH between 7.35 and 7.45, because all biochemical reactions are influenced by pH

69
Q

buffers

A

salts of weak acids or salts of weak bases that resist changes in pH when strong acids or strong bases are added to the blood

70
Q

physiological buffers

A

stabilize pH by controlling output of acids or bases or carbon dioxide

71
Q

urinary system buffers

A

it buffers the greatest amount of acid or base, but it requires several hours to several days to exert maximum effects

72
Q

respiratory system buffers

A

it can exert its effects within minutes, but cannot alter pH as much as urinary system can

73
Q

chemical buffers

A

bidn hydrogen ions and remove them from solution when concentration rises; they release hydrogen ions into solution when their concentration falls

74
Q

effectiveness of chemical buffers

A

they can restore pH within seconds, but amount of acid or base that can be buffered depends on concentration and pH of environment

75
Q

bicarbonate buffer system

A

a solution of carbon acid and bicarbonate ions that serves as the principal buffer in the extracellular fluid

76
Q

when carbonic acid dissociates

A

it releases hydrogen ions to lower pH

77
Q

bicarbonate ions

A

bind hydrogen ions and remove them to raise pH

78
Q

why are the lungs and kidneys constantly removing carbon dioxide

A

to prevent equilibrium from occurring

79
Q

phosphate buffer system

A

a solution of dihydrogen phosphate ions and monohydrogen phosphate ions that can release hydrogen ions in order to lower pH, or bind hydrogen ions in order to raise pH in the urine and/or intracellular fluid

80
Q

effectiveness of phosphate buffer system

A

stronger buffering system than bicarbonate buffer system, but less concentrated in ECF

81
Q

phosphate buffers are very effective in

A

urine and ICF where phosphate ions are high

82
Q

protein buffer system

A

has the most abundant buffers in the ECF and blood plasma, using hemoglobin to accomplish its goals

83
Q

amino acid side groups

A

can release hydrogen ions to lower pH or bind hydrogen ions to raise pH

84
Q

the equation for the bicarbonate buffer system indicates

A

the impact that CO2 has on pH

85
Q

respiratory system and the control of pH

A

it can neutralize two to three times more acid than chemical buffers by increasing pulmonary ventilation to expel more carbon dioxide

86
Q

pH restoration by the respiratory system

A

pH can be restored within minutes because changes in alveolar ventilation produce dramatic changes in pH

87
Q

hypercapnia

A

stimulates deep and rapid breathing to eliminate more carbon dioxide and shift the reaction to the left

88
Q

kidneys and the control of pH

A

kidneys neutralize more acid and base than the respiratory system or chemical buffers, because the renal tubules secrete hydrogen ions into tubular fluid rather than binding hydrogen ions to other chemicals

89
Q

hydrogen ion gradient

A

happens as long as there is a gradient between tubule cells and tubular fluid and pH is higher than 4.5

90
Q

for kidneys to reabsorb bicarbonate ions

A

they must secrete hydrogen ions

91
Q

when kidneys excrete excess bicarbonate ions

A

they must retain hydrogen ions

92
Q

hydrogen ion secretion

A

occurs in PCT and in intercalated cells of collecting ducts; these hydrogen ions bind to bicarbonate ions or ammonium ions or hydrogen phosphate ions

93
Q

acidosis occurs when

A

blood pH falls below 7.35

94
Q

consequences of acidosis

A

can depress CNS and cause confusion, disorientation, coma

95
Q

an increase in hydrogen ions in nerve cells

A

requires removal of potassium ions, so RMP becomes hyperpolarized

96
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

results from inability of respiratory system to eliminate carbon dioxide

97
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

results from excessive production of hydrogen ions
1- lactic acid fermentation
2- ketone bodies produced by alcoholism or diabetes mellitus
3- overuse of aspirin or laxatives

98
Q

alkalosis occurs when

A

blood pH rises above 7.45

99
Q

consequences of alkalosis

A

can hyperexcite neuromuscular system and cause muscle spasms or tetany or convulsions; potassium ions replace hydrogen ions in neurons and shift resting membrane potential closer to threshold

100
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

results from hyperventilation

101
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

results from rapid elimination of hydrogen ions during severe, prolonged vomiting

BIOL 314 Exam 4 (13 decks)

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