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BIOL 314 Exam 4 > Female Reproductive Cycle > Flashcards

Female Reproductive Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

the female reproductive cycle consists of

A

two hormone controlled cycles that occur simultaneously during a one-month period

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2
Q

ovarian cycle

A

events associated with maturation and release of an oocyte

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3
Q

uterine cycle

A

describes regular, recurring changes in uterus

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4
Q

a “typical” reproductive cycle ranges from

A

24 to 35 days but individual variations in length are normal and are usuallly related to physiological and/or psychological stressors

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5
Q

in hypothetical cycle of 28 days, on day 1:

A

menstrual bleeding begins

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6
Q

on day 2 or 3

A

the hypothalamus produces and releases GnRH to stimulate the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland to release FSH

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7
Q

pre-ovulatory period

A

time between the end of menstrual bleeding and ovulation, typically occuring from Day 6 to Day 13 of a 28 day cycle

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8
Q

follicular phase

A

events associated with ovarian cycle

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9
Q

proliferative phase

A

events associated with uterine cycle

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10
Q

rising levels of FSH trigger

A

the development of several primary follicles in the ovaries

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11
Q

most of these follicles undrego

A

artesia, but one eventually becomes a Graafian follicle

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12
Q

secretion of

A

estradiol from granulosa cells in developing follicles cause changes to occur in the female reproductive tract

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13
Q

stratum basalis produces

A

a new stratum functionalis

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14
Q

cervical mucus becomes

A

thinner to facilitate passage of sperm through cervix

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15
Q

lining of vagina

A

thickens and becomes more secretory

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16
Q

rising levels of estradiol

A

exert positive feedback on the hypothalamus, which cause it to continue releasing GnRH

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17
Q

GnRH stimulates

A

anterior lobe of pituiatry gland to release a surge of LH

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18
Q

ovulation typically occurs on

A

Day 14 of a 28 day cycle

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19
Q

the LH surge causes

A

a Graafian follicle to rupture and release its secondary oocyte and polar body toward a Fallopian tube

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20
Q

remnants of the Graafian follicle become

A

a corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone

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21
Q

the post-ovulatory period

A

time between ovulation and the onset of menstrual bleeding, typically lasting from Day 15 to Day 28 of a 28 day cycle

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22
Q

luteral phase

A

events associated with ovarian cycle

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23
Q

secretory phase

A

events associated with uterine cycle

24
Q

rising levels of progesterone secreted by

A

corpus luteum exert negative feedback on the hypothalamus, which inhibits the secretion of GnRH

25
Q

absence of GnRH prevents

A

anterior lobe of pituitary gland from releasing FSH, so no additional ovarian follicles will develop

26
Q

rising levels of progesterone stimulate

A

development of the endometrium

27
Q

during post-ovulatory period endometrium becomes

A

even thicker, spongier, more vascular

28
Q

during post-ovulatory period uterine glands

A

fill with glycogen in anticipation of fertilized egg

29
Q

if a fertilized egg implants in the endometrium, the corpus luteum

A

has to be maintained in order to produce and secrete the hormones needed for pregnancy to continue

30
Q

if fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum

A

degenerates by day 25 of a 28 day cycle

31
Q

if fertilization does not occur levels of estradiol and progesterone

A

decline sharply, which triggers menstruation

32
Q

menstruation occurs from

A

day 1 to 5

33
Q

during menstruation a sharp decline in progesterone levels

A

constricts the spiral arteries that supply the endometrium causing ischemia that leads to the death of the endometrial tissue

34
Q

during menstruation the stratum functionalis

A

starts to slough off, produces menstrual fluid that contains blood clots, uterine fluid, vaginal cells, endometrial tissue

35
Q

total menstrual discharge ranges from

A

50 to 150 mL a day

36
Q

during menstruation a sharp decline in progesterone

A

removes negative feedback inhibition on hypothalamus

37
Q

during menstruation GnRH is again produced and released stimulate

A

anterior lobe of pituitary gland to release FSH and LH to initiate a new reproductive cycle

38
Q

during menstruation a sharp decline in levels of progesterone removes

A

the block on prostaglandins

39
Q

prostaglandins trigger

A

contractions of uterine smooth muscle that may be responsible from cramps associated with menstruation

40
Q

premenstrual syndrome

A

a collection of physical, physiological, and emotional symptoms that appear between three and ten days prior to the start of the menses

41
Q

physical symptoms of PMS

A

fatigue, abdominal distention, fluid retention, breast enlargement and soreness, headaches, increased appetite, and muscle aches

42
Q

emotional symptoms of PMS

A

irritability, anxiety, depression and sudden mood swings

43
Q

PMS is probably causes by

A

tissue sensitivity to changing levels of estradiol and or progesterone

44
Q

treatment of PMS

A

vitamins, diuretics, and prostaglandin inhibitors may reduce symptoms

45
Q

******notes on complications

A

kiasdf

46
Q

menopause

A

a female’s monthly reproductive cycle comes to a halt between ages of 45 and 60

47
Q

as a female grows older,

A

her ovaries become less responsive to FSH and LH

48
Q

number of primary follicles that develop during each cycle in a woman in menopause

A

becomes smaller

49
Q

in menopause reduced levels of estradiol fail to

A

trigger ovulation, so a corpus luteum does not form

50
Q

during menopause estradiol and progesterone are

A

secreted less and periods become irregular

51
Q

during menopause low levels of progesterone cannot

A

exert negative feedback on the hypothalamus, so GnRH is secreted, FSH and LH are released and the adrenal glands produce more androgens

52
Q

rising levels of androgens

A

further reduce ovarian function and can cause voice to deepen, facial hair to become coarser and darker, breasts to shrink

53
Q

changing hormone levels can cause

A

dizziness, headaches, insomnia, anxiety, depression

54
Q

declining levels of estradiol cause

A

breasts, labia and vagina to atrophy; intercourse becomes uncomfortable and/or painful because of reduced vaginal lubrication

55
Q

Periodic surges of estradiol may trigger

A

sudden intense “hot flashes” that spread through head, neck, and body

56
Q

hot flashes are caused by

A

vasodilation of dermal blood vessels that allow blood to rush to skin

57
Q

hot flashes are accompanied by

A

profuse sweating; leads to rapid cooling and a “cold flash”

BIOL 314 Exam 4 (13 decks)

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