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BIOL 314 Exam 4 > Urine Formation, Storage, and Elimination > Flashcards

Urine Formation, Storage, and Elimination Flashcards

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1
Q

does total fluid volume in ones body fluctuate or remain stable?

A

despite daily fluctuations in fluid intake, total fluid volume in ones body remains stable

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2
Q

the osmolarity of the glomerular filtrate

A

is similar to that of the blood

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3
Q

the osmolarity of the tubular fluid

A

increases as it flows down the descending limb of the nephron loop, then decreases as it flows up the ascending limb of the nephron loop, and decreases even more as it flows through the DCT and the collecting duct

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4
Q

water

A

gets reabsorbed by osmosis as tubular fluid flows through descending limb

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5
Q

sodium, potassium, and chloride ions

A

actively reabsorbed from the ascending limb; water doesn’t follow because ascending limb impermeable

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6
Q

additional solutes, but no more water, get

A

reabsorbed from the DCT

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7
Q

principal cells in collecting ducts

A

are impermeable to water when ADH levels are low

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8
Q

urine can be as much as _______ _______ more dilute than blood plasma or glomerular filtrate

A

four times

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9
Q

when water intake is low or when water loss is high

A

the kidneys produce small volumes of highly concentrated urine because ADH has a strong influence on the collecting ducts

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10
Q

osmolarity of the interstitial fluid

A

increases four-fold from renal cortex to renal medulla because of presence of sodium ions, chloride ions, and urea

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11
Q

medullary portion of the collecting duct

A

is more permeable to water than to NaCl

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12
Q

concentrated urine is formed why

A

because the nephron loop creates a countercurrent multiplier to maintain an osmotic gradient in the interstitial fluid of the renal medulla

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13
Q

descending limb permeability

A

permeable to water but not permeable to sodium or chloride

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14
Q

water leaves the descending limb

A

which increases concentration of tubular fluid

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15
Q

ascending limb permeability

A

impermeable to water;

sodium ions, potassium ions, and chloride ions are transported out of tubular fluid

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16
Q

concentration of the tubular fluid

A

decreases but osmolarity of renal medulla stays high

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17
Q

collecting duct

A

somewhat permeable to urea; urea continually recycles between collecting ducts and medulla to increase osmolarity in medulla

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18
Q

countercurrent exchange system

A

develops from the arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons and the vasa recta

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19
Q

as blood flows into the medulla

A

water diffuses out of the vasa racta and sodium ions and chloride ions diffuse into vasa recta

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20
Q

as blood flows out of the medulla

A

sodium ions and chloride ions diffuse out of the vasa recta and water diffuses into vasa recta

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21
Q

net result of the countercurrent exchange system

A

reabsorption of water from tubular fluid; volume of blood at end of vasa recta is greater than at beginning of vasa recta

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22
Q

overall effect of forming concentrated urine

A

ADH makes the collecting ducts more permeable to water by inserting aquaporins into the membranes of the principal cells, and the osmotic gradient in the renal medulla “pulls” water out of the collecting ducts to form concentrated urine

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23
Q

how much water in the filtrate can be reabsorbed

A

up to 99%

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24
Q

urinalysis

A

examines the physical, chemical, and microscopic properties of urine

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25
Q

the color of urine

A

urine varies from nearly colorless to yellow to amber depending on diet and concentration

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26
Q

yellow color of urine

A

is due to urochrome pigment produced during break down of hemoglobin

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27
Q

what other factors may affect the color of urine

A

foods, vitamins, and drugs

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28
Q

urine is typically clear

A

but it will turn cloudy as a consequence of bacterial growth or from pus formation caused by a urinary tract infection

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29
Q

the odor of urine

A

becomes ammonia-like upon standing, because bacteria change urea to ammonia

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30
Q

some people inherit a tendency to form

A

methylmercaptan after eating asaparagus; their urine has a very pungent odor

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31
Q

diabetics odor of urine

A

produce ketone bodies; their urine has a sweet and fruity odor

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32
Q

people with phenylketonuria

A

produce urine that smells like a mouse cage

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33
Q

people with urinary tract infections

A

can produce urine with a rotten odor

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34
Q

the pH of urine ranges from

A

4.5 to 8.2; but is usually slightly acidic

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35
Q

high protein diets

A

increase acidity of urine

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36
Q

vegetarian diets

A

decrease acidity of urine

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37
Q

urine has a higher specific gravity than water, depending on

A

solute concentration

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38
Q

composition of urine

A

95% water and 5% solutes; urea is most abundant solute, but NaCl, KCl, creatinine, uric acid, and other mineral salts may also be present

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39
Q

normal urine volume

A

1-2 liters per day

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40
Q

polyuria

A

excessive production of urine

41
Q

oligouria

A

scanty output of urine

42
Q

anuria

A

an output of less than 100mL per day

43
Q

diabetes

A

one of several metabolic disorders characterized by polyuria

44
Q

excess glucose in the tubular fluid

A

blocks reabsorption of water and leads to dehydration

45
Q

diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes

A

result from hyperglycemia and can be diagnosed from glycosuria

46
Q

hyposecretion of ADH

A

prevents the collecting ducts from reabsorbing water, causing diabetes insipidus to develop

47
Q

diuretics

A

substances that increase urine volume by increasing glomerular filtration and/or reducing tubular reabsorption

48
Q

caffeine

A

a diuretic; dilates afferent arterioles, which increases GFR

49
Q

alcohol

A

a diuretic; inhibits ADH secretion, which reduces tubular reabsorption of water

50
Q

Lasix

A

a diuretic; inhibits sodium reabsorption from nephron loop, which reduces reabsorption of water from collecting duct

51
Q

renal clearance

A

measures the volume of blood that is cleared of a particular substance and it is expressed in mL/min

52
Q

solute clearance

A

depends on glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, secretion

53
Q

blood sample and urine sample

A

are collected and concentration of urea in each is measured and compared to rate of urine output

54
Q

importance of renal clearance

A

important during drug therapy because it allows drug dosage to be set to maintain therapeutic levels of that drug

55
Q

glomerular filtration rate can be assessed by

A

measuring the rate of urine output and the concentration of a solute that completely remains in the tubular fluid and gets cleared in the urine

56
Q

inulin

A

completely filtered by glomerulus and added to urine; found in artichokes and garlic; renal clearance is equal to GFR

57
Q

clearance value less than that of inulin

A

means substance has been reabsorbed

58
Q

clearance value greater than that of inulin

A

means substance has been secreted into tubular fluid

59
Q

ureter

A

is 25 cm long and transports urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder

60
Q

arrangement of ureters

A

at back of bladder prevents backflow of urine as bladder fills

61
Q

the wall of the ureter is composed of

A

three layers

62
Q

adventitia of ureter

A

connective tissue that anchors ureters to surrounding tissues

63
Q

muscularis of ureter

A

composed of two layers of smooth muscle

64
Q

contractions of muscularis

A

initiate peristalsis to move urine through ureter toward urinary bladder

65
Q

mucosa of ureter

A

has transitional epithelium and underlying lamina propria that contains collagen and elastic fibers

66
Q

mucus of mucosa layer of ureter

A

is secreted to protect ureter from acidity of urine

67
Q

the urinary bladder

A

a hollow muscular organ on the floor of the pelvic cavity

68
Q

trigone of urinary bladder

A

a small triangular area in the floor of the bladder; bounded by openings of ureters and urethra

69
Q

the wall of the urinary bladder consists of

A

three layers

70
Q

fibrous adventitia of urinary bladder

A

continues with adventitia of ureters

71
Q

detrusor muscle of urinary bladder

A

consists of three layers of smooth muscle that form internal urethral sphincter at base of bladder

72
Q

mucosa layer of urinary bladder

A

has transitional epithelium

73
Q

when the bladder is relaxed

A

mucosa exhibits conspicuous rugae

74
Q

the bladder is highly distensible and typically holds

A

500 mL of urine, but it can hold up to 800 mL

75
Q

the urethra

A

a small tube leading from the floor of the bladder to the outside of the body

76
Q

female urethra

A

3-4 cm long

77
Q

male urethra

A

15-20 cm long

78
Q

prostatic urethra

A

passes through prostate gland

79
Q

membranous urethra

A

passes through urogenital diaphragm

80
Q

penile urethra

A

passes through length of penis

81
Q

the urethral mucosa

A

contains transitional epithelium near the bladder, pseudostratified epithelium along most of its length, and stratified squamous epithelium near the external urethral orifice

82
Q

male urethra contains

A

urethral glands that secrete mucus

83
Q

the muscularis of the urethra

A

contains skeletal muscle fibers where it passes through the urogenital diaphragm to form the external urethral sphincter

84
Q

micturition

A

(urination; voiding) empties urinary bladder and is controlled by a spinal micturition reflex

85
Q

for micturition to occur

A

detrusor muscle must contract, internal urethral sphincter must relax, external urethral sphincter must open

86
Q

when urine volume reaches 200 mL to 400 mL

A

stretch receptors in the wall of the urinary bladder send nerve impulses to the sacral portion of the spinal cord

87
Q

when urine volume reaches 200 mL to 400 mL- signals are also sent to

A

micturition center in pons that integrates information about filling urinary badder with information from other brain centers

88
Q

urination can be triggered by

A

fear or inhibited by behavioral standards

89
Q

parasympathetic motor impulses from the spinal cord stimulate

A

the detrusor muscle to contract and the internal urethral sphincter to relax

90
Q

parasympathetic motor impulses- also send signals to

A

cerebral cortex; allows voluntary relaxation of external urethral sphincter to control emptying of bladder

91
Q

if a person chooses not to urinate

A

these reflexes cease within one minute and bladder continues to fill with urine

92
Q

a lack of voluntary control over micturition is referred to as

A

incontinence

93
Q

incontinence is common in

A

infants and young children who have not yet mastered voluntary control over external urethral sphincter

94
Q

stress incontinence

A

in adults results from physical stressors (coughing, laughing, exercise, pregnancy, walking) that increase abdominal pressure

95
Q

other causes of incontinence

A

include neurological disorders from spinal cord injuries, smoking, aging

96
Q

urinary retention prevents the urinary bladder from

A

emptying its contents

97
Q

urinary retention is a consequence of

A

general anesthesia

98
Q

an enlarged prostate gland can cause

A

urinary retention in older males

BIOL 314 Exam 4 (13 decks)

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