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BIOL 314 Exam 4 > Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

the genetic sex of an individual is determined at the time of

A

fertilization by the sex chromosome that is carried by the sperm

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2
Q

there is no morphological indication of sex until

A

week six or seven of embryonic development

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3
Q

embyro can be described as

A

sexually bipotential or potentially bisexual

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4
Q

the gonads develop from

A

embryonic tissue called mesoderm

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5
Q

each gonad is

A

enclosed by germinal epithelium which surrounds large outer cortex and smaller central medulla

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6
Q

approximately 43 days after fertilization,

A

Y chromosome begins to affect indifferent gonads

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7
Q

Y chromosome carries a

A

sex-determining gene that produces testis-determining factor (TDF)

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8
Q

TDF directs

A

development of indifferent gonads into testes

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9
Q

two pairs of genital ducts are present during

A

the indifferent stage

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10
Q

mesonephros consists of

A

mesonephric tubules and mesonephric ducts

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11
Q

production of testosterone causes

A

mesonephros to differentiate into male reproductive ducts

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12
Q

paramesonephros consists of

A

a pair of Muellerian ducts

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13
Q

presence of Muellerian-inhibiting factor causes

A

paramesonephros to degenerate in males

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14
Q

the scrotum hangs from

A

the lower abdomen behind the base of the penis

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15
Q

scrotum consists of

A

loose skin, superficial fascia, and muscle tissue located just beneath skin

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16
Q

dartos is

A

a sheath of smooth muscle fibers

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17
Q

cremaster muscles are

A

thin strands of skeletal muscle that suspends testes

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18
Q

walls of scrotum contain

A

numerous sweat glands

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19
Q

a medial septum divides

A

the scrotum into two compartments, each containing one testis

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20
Q

location of septum can

A

be seen externally as median raphe

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21
Q

the location of the scrotum outside of the body cavity permits

A

thermoregulation of the testes to enhance the production and survival of sperm

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22
Q

dartos and cremaster muscles will contract in response to

A

cold temperatures

-draws testes closer to body to raise temp

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23
Q

dartos and cremaster muscles will relax in response to

A

warm temperatures

-this moves testes farther away from body to lower their temperature

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24
Q

blood vessels that suppply testes with blood form

A

pampiniform plexus

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25
Q

pampiniform plexus acts as a

A

conutercurrent heat exchanger to keep scrotal temp at 35 C

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26
Q

ideal temp

A

35 C

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27
Q

the testes are the

A

male gonads

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28
Q

testes are

A

cytogenic because they produce sperm cells

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29
Q

testes function as

A

endocrine glands because they produce testosterone

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30
Q

there are two oval testes and each is about

A

4cm long and 2.5 cm in diameter with a mass of about 15 grams

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31
Q

each testis is covered by

A

a pair of membranes

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32
Q

tunica vaginalis

A

lines scrotum

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33
Q

tunica albuginea divides

A

its testis into 200 to 300 lobules

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34
Q

each lobule contains

A

several highly coiled seminiferous tubules

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35
Q

each seminiferous tubues is approx

A

80 cm long

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36
Q

walls of seminiferous tubules contain

A

Sertoli cells

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37
Q

Sertoli cells protect and nourish

A

developing sperm cells

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38
Q

Sertoli cells can destroy

A

defective or damaged sperm cells

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39
Q

Sertoli cells form a

A

blood-testis barrier

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40
Q

blood testis barrier prevents

A

sperm from entering blood stream where their membrane antigens could trigger immune response

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41
Q

interstitial cells (of Leydig)

A

fill the spaces between the seminiferous tubules

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42
Q

interstitial cells of Leydig produce and secrete

A

testosterone

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43
Q

primary sex cords

A

finger like strands of germinal epithelium , grow into an indifferent gonad and carry primordial germ cells inward

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44
Q

medulla expands and forms

A

bulk of testis, while cortex condenses and forms tunica albyginea that surrounds testis

45
Q

primary sex cords lose contact with

A

germinal epithelium as it starts to disapper

46
Q

primary sex cords then become hollow and

A

start to form seminiferous tubules

47
Q

cells that remain in walls of seminiferous tubules become

A

Sertoli cells

48
Q

primordial germ cells within primary sex cords become

A

spermatogonia

49
Q

cells in medulla become

A

interstitial cells of Leydig

50
Q

the testes will descend through an

A

opening in the inguinal canal into the scrotum sometime during the seventh month of fetal development

51
Q

failure of testes to descend is

A

cryptorchidism

52
Q

undescended testes can cause

A

sterility because high temp in pelvic cavity can disrupt sperm production and maturation

53
Q

risk for testicular cancer is

A

30 to 50 x greater for boys with cryptorchidism

54
Q

testes will descend spontaneously during

A

first year in about 80% of cases of cryptorchidism

55
Q

immature sperm will move from the seminiferous tubules into the

A

rete testies

56
Q

rete tesits is

A

a network of about 100 short tubes that drain the seminiferous tubules

57
Q

immature sperm will move from the rete testis into

A

a collection of short efferent ductules

58
Q

the efferent ductules converge to form

A

a highly coiled, comma shaped epididymis along the superion/dorsal margin of the testis

59
Q

immature sperm cells mature and become

A

motile over a period of 10 to 14 days as they pass through epididymis

60
Q

sperm may be sotred in epididymis for

A

a month

61
Q

mature sperm will move from the epididymis into the

A

ductus (vas) deferens

62
Q

vas deferens joins together with

A

blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, and cremaster muscle to from spermatic cord, which passes through inguinal canal into pelvic cavity

63
Q

behind urinary bladder, distal end of the vas deferens forms

A

enlarged ampulla for temporary sperm storage

64
Q

the ampulla of the ductus (vas) deferens merges with a

A

duct from the seminal vesicle to form an ejaculatory duct behind the urinary bladder

65
Q

ejaculatory duct transports

A

sperm into urethra

66
Q

the urethra is 15 to 20 cm long and serves as

A

a common passage for sperm and urine

67
Q

prostatic urethra extends from

A

urinary bladder through prostate gland

68
Q

membranous urethra passes through

A

urogenital diaphragm in floor of pelvic cavity

69
Q

spongy urethra passes through

A

spongy tissue of penis

70
Q

a genital tubercle appears early during

A

embryonic development

71
Q

urethral groove is a

A

shallow depression along midline of ventral surface of genital tubercle

72
Q

walls of tissue on either side of urethral groove form

A

urethral folds

73
Q

labiosacral swellings begin to develop

A

lateral to urethral folds

74
Q

glans develops at the

A

end of the genital tubercle, which starts to form phallus

75
Q

lateral buttresses form

A

on either side of phallus

76
Q

testosterone triggers the genital tubercle to

A

differentiate by the 10th week following fertilization and the external genital start to appear distinctly male

77
Q

the urethral folds fuse on

A

the ventral surface of the phallus to form a hollow tube that will eventually become the penile urethra

78
Q

the lateral buttresses fold over to form

A

most of the shaft of the penis, and the glans penis expands from the glans at the end of the phallus

79
Q

prepuce (foreskin)

A

will grow over glans penis but it will not retract until birth

80
Q

the labiosacral swellings will fuse

A

and form the scrotum

81
Q

The urethral groove elongates in

A

both directions

82
Q

urethral groove elongates, on one end

A

breaks through the glans to form the external urethral orifice and the opposite end grows inward to form the bladder

83
Q

one pair of outgrowths off urethral groove fuse to become

A

prostate gland

84
Q

another pair of outgrowths will become

A

bulbourethral glands

85
Q

the accessory glands produce and secrete

A

the liquid portion of semen

86
Q

semen

A

a mixture of sperm, nutrient-rich mucus, proteins, and enzymes

87
Q

seminal vesicles

A

pouchlike sacs at the base of the bladder that contribute about 60% of the volume of semen

88
Q

fructose

A

energy source for sperm

89
Q

proseminogelin

A

a protein that gets converted into seminogelin which causes semen to form temporary clot in vagina

90
Q

prostaglandins

A

may cause mucus in cervical canal to become thinner, making it easier for sperm to travel from vagina into uterus- may stimulate contractions of smooth muscle in uterus and uterine tubes to assist sperm travel

91
Q

prostate gland

A

a doughtnut shaped gland that surrounds the urethra as it exits the bladder- contributes to volume of semen

92
Q

citric acid

A

used by sperm as a source of energy

93
Q

acid phosphatase

A

a coaggulating agent that helps semen form clot in vagina

94
Q

bicarbonate buffers

A

neutralize natural acidity in vagina

95
Q

fibronolysin

A

decoaggulates a semen clot after vaginal acidity has been neutralized

96
Q

serine protease

A

prostate specific antigen- an enzyme that breaks down proteins

97
Q

bulbourethral glands

A

small spherical structures located etween the prostate gland on either side of the membranous urethra

98
Q

bulbourethral glands secrete

A

alkaline substances to neutralize acidic residue left by urine in urethra

99
Q

bulbourethral glands also secrete

A

mucus to lubricate penis for insertion into vagina

100
Q

the penis

A

the male copulatory organ

101
Q

root of penis

A

lies inside the body beneath the pubic bone and is attached to the urogenital diaphragm by skeletal muscles

102
Q

shaft of penis

A

contains 3 cylindrical masses of erectile tissue each of which is surrounded by fibrous tissue

103
Q

corpora cavernosa penis

A

dorsolateral masses and each contains an artery that dilates to produce erections

104
Q

corpus spongiosum penis

A

a ventral mass that contains spongy urethra

105
Q

glans penis

A

the enlarged distal end of penis

106
Q

glans penis is richly innervated

A

with sensory nerve endings and external orifice

107
Q

glans penis covering

A

covered with a loose skin fold called prepuce (foreskin)

108
Q

small glands

A

beneath the foreskin, secrete waxy smegma

109
Q

circumcision

A

surgical removal of all or part of prepuce

BIOL 314 Exam 4 (13 decks)

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