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BIOL 314 Exam 4 > Male Reproductive Physiology > Flashcards

Male Reproductive Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

puberty describes

A

the anatomical and physiological changes in a boy’s body that are controlled by hormones and lead to his sexual maturation

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2
Q

male puberty typically begins at at

A

age 10 or 11; ends between age 15 and 17

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3
Q

the adrenal glands produce and release

A

low levels of testosterone before puberty begins

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4
Q

adrenal glands creates feedback inhibition

A

which prevents release of hypothalamic GnRH

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5
Q

hypothalamus plays an important role in

A

puberty

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6
Q

with the onset of puberty,

A

inhibition stops so hypothalamus can release GnRH

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7
Q

GnRH triggers antertior lobe of pituitary gland to produce and release

A

two gonadotropins

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8
Q

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

A

initiates sperm production

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9
Q

interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) stimulates the

A

interstitial cells of Leydig to synthesize and release testosterone

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10
Q

testosterone stimulates

A

spermatogenesis

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11
Q

testosterone triggers development

A

of secondary sex characteristics

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12
Q

testosterone stimulates growth of

A

growth of testes and scrotum and penis

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13
Q

testosterone cause production of

A

pubic hair, axillary hair, and facial hair

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14
Q

testosterone produces spontaneous

A

erections to occur and nocturnal emissions produce “wet dreams”

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15
Q

testosterone causes vocal cords

A

become longer and thicker and voice to become deeper

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16
Q

testosterone causes sebaceous glands to

A

produce more sebum which is the principle cause of acne

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17
Q

testosterone stimulates

A

male sex drive

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18
Q

secretion of gonadotropins is controlled by

A

a hypothalamic “gonadostat” that monitors testosterone levels in the blood

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19
Q

low levels of testosterone cause

A

hypothalamus to release GnRH

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20
Q

release of GnRH causes

A

pituitary gland to release ICSH, which triggers testes to produce and release more testosterone

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21
Q

rising levels of testosterone

A

inhibit release of GnRH

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22
Q

low levels of GnRH causes

A

testes to reduce synthesis and release of testosterone

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23
Q

the testes also produce and release the hormone

A

inhibin, which will inhibit the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland from releasing FSH

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24
Q

spermatogenesis

A

the process by which the testes produce haploid sperm

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25
Q

diploid spermatogonia line the ___________________ and divide by _________________

A

line the inner walls of the seminiferous tubules

divide by mitosis

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26
Q

resulting cells of spermatogonia mitosis

A

remain as spermatogonia or become primary spermatocytes

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27
Q

during the reduction division of meiosis, each primary spermatocyte

A

enlarges and divides to produce a pair of haploid secondary spermatocytes

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28
Q

During the equatorial division of meiosis, each secondary spermatocyte

A

divides to produce a pair of haploid spermatids

-4 haploid spermatids will be produced from each primary spermatocyte

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29
Q

spermiogenesis

A

a maturation process that converts spermatids into spermatozoa

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30
Q

spermatozoa remain attached to

A

Sertoli cells until they mature (break free and enter seminiferous tubule)

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31
Q

spermatozoa mature at a rate of

A

more than several hundred million per day

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32
Q

each functional sperm has

A

a head, midpeice, and a tail

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33
Q

head contains

A

nucleus and acrosome

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34
Q

acrosome contains

A

enzymes that help sperm penetrate an oocyte

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35
Q

midpiece contains

A

mitochondria that provide ATP from locomotion

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36
Q

tail

A

propels sperm through female reproductive tract

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37
Q

spermatogenesis takes an average of

A

74 days and starts when a male undergoes puberty and continues until he reaches an age when testosterone level become ineffective

38
Q

the human sexual response can be divided into

A

4 or 5 arbitrary phases

39
Q

sexual arousal is controlled by

A

the limbic system in the cerebrum, which is linked to centers throughout the brain where various stimuli can “turn on” the sex center to initiate the male sex drive

40
Q

main event during male sexual arousal is

A

erection of the penis

41
Q

erection of penis is controlled by

A

parasympathetic division of ANS

42
Q

during erection, signals from spinal cord release

A

nitric oxide into the blood, causes smooth muscle in walls of penile arteries to relax and dilate

43
Q

during erection, increased blood flow

A

fills corpora cavernosa penis with blood and penis becomes tumescent, increases in size, hardness, sensitivity

44
Q

during arousal muscle tension

A

increases throughout body

45
Q

during arousal dartos and cremaster muscles

A

contract and pull testes closer to body

46
Q

during sexual arousal external urethral orifice

A

dilates

47
Q

stimulation of an erect penis leads to the

A

plateau phase

48
Q

during plateau skin

A

sex flush appears as skin becomes redder because of increased blood flow

49
Q

during plateau testes are

A

drawn closer to body and may increase in size by up to 50%

50
Q

during plateau parasympathetic division stimulates

A

bulbourethral glands to release fluids to lubricated glans penis in anticipation of sexual intercouse

51
Q

during plateau phase, emission occurs when

A

sperm move through ejaculatory ducts into urethra

52
Q

during emission seminal vesicles and prostate gland

A

secrete fluids into urethra to form semen

53
Q

during emission urethral sphincters

A

contract to prevent bladder from releasing urine

54
Q

continued stimulation of an erect penis may produce an

A

orgasm

55
Q

orgasm

A

complete release of muscle tension usually accompanied by ejaculation

56
Q

ejaculation is triggered by

A

the presence of semen in urethra

57
Q

during ejaculation muscles in walls of male ducts

A

contract in response to signals from sympathetic division of ANS and propel semen through urethra

58
Q

during ejaculation rhythmic contractions of skeletal muscles at

A

base of penis cause expulsion of semen out of urethra in a pulsating manner

59
Q

ejaculation releases

A

several hundred million sperm

60
Q

orgasm does NOT require

A

ejaculation, but most orgasms include an ejaculation

61
Q

resolution

A

immediately follows an orgasm

62
Q

refractory period occurs when

A

penis remains semi-erect, but cannot return to full erection

63
Q

refractory period becomes

A

longer as male grows older

64
Q

during resolution blood

A

leaves corpora cavernosa and penis returns to its flaccid state

65
Q

testicular cancer

A

the most common cancer in males between ages of 15 and 34

66
Q

males with a history of cryptorchidism

A

tend to be most susceptible for testicular cancer

67
Q

most testicular cancers

A

are due to abnormal sperm producing cells

68
Q

an early sign of testicular cancer

A

may be a lump in testis accompanied by discomfort or pain

69
Q

a manual examination for testicular cancer

A

can be done by palpating testes to detect lumps

70
Q

early stage of TC

A

may be asymptomatic

71
Q

treatment for TC

A

involves orchiectomy followed by chemotherapy

72
Q

inguinal hernia

A

can occur when a loop of the intestine descends into scrotum before inguinal canal closes

73
Q

prostatitis

A

an inflammation of prostate gland caused by bacterial infection

74
Q

acute prostatitis

A

tends to be common among sexually active men

75
Q

symptoms and treatments of acute prostatitis

A
  • prostate gland becomes swollen and tender

- antibiotics and increased fluid intake

76
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasia

A

a non-cancerous, non-inflammatory enlargement of prostate gland that occurs in one of every three males over age of 60

77
Q

BPH is probably due to

A

changing hormone levels

78
Q

BPH may lead to

A

compression of urethra and obstruction of urine floq

79
Q

symptoms of BPH

A

include painful or difficult urination, bed-wetting, and incomplete emptying

80
Q

transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)

A

surgically removes pieces of prostate gland

81
Q

treatment for BPH

A

drugs, microwaves, or radio-frequency incineration

82
Q

prostate cancer

A

the second leading cause of cancer death among males over 50

83
Q

elevated blood levels

A

of acid phosphatase or phosphate specific antigen indicate a tumor has spread from prostate gland

84
Q

tumors tend to

A

form near preiphery of prostate gland and metastasize

85
Q

annual physical

A

with a digital rectal exam and/or blood test for PSA can detect prostate cancer in its early stages

86
Q

treatment for prostate cancer

A

may involve prostatectomy followed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy

87
Q

erectile dysfunction

A

the inability to attain and maintain an erection long enough to engage in satisfactory sexual intercourse

88
Q

ED results from

A

insufficient release of nitric oxide

89
Q

ED may be caused by

A

aging, cardiovascular disease, neruological disorders, medications, or psychological fctors

90
Q

drugs for ED

A

viagra, cialis, and levita can supplement existing levels of ntric oxide within one hour

BIOL 314 Exam 4 (13 decks)

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