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BIOL 314 Exam 4 > Overview of the Urinary System > Flashcards

Overview of the Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

the kidneys control blood composition and volume by

A

removing wastes and regulating water levels

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2
Q

the kidneys regulate osmolarity of body fluids by

A

controlling solutes and water levels

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3
Q

the kidneys regulate blood pH by

A

excreting hydrogen ions

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4
Q

the kidneys regulate blood pressure by

A

activating reninangiotensin pathway

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5
Q

the kidneys control oxygen-carrying capacity of blood by

A

secreting erythropoietin

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6
Q

the kidneys contribute to metabolism by

A

synthesizing glucose during periods of starvation

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7
Q

“waste” refers to

A

any substance that is not useful to the body

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8
Q

metabolic wastes are

A

substances produced by the body

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9
Q

nitrogenous wastes

A

metabolic wastes that result from breakdown of proteins

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10
Q

amino groups removed from amino acids combine with

A

hydrogen ions to form ammonia, which is highly toxic and must be diluted with huge quantities of water

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11
Q

ammonia

A

gets converted to less toxic urea by liver and this uses much less water

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12
Q

uric acid

A

results from breakdown of nucleic acids

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13
Q

creatinine

A

results from use of creatine phosphate during muscle metabolism

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14
Q

the amount of nitrogenous waste in blood is expressed as

A

blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

- normal levels are 10-20 mg/mL

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15
Q

azotemia

A

elevated BUN is azotemia

- it indicates renal insufficiency

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16
Q

if azotemia is left untreated it can lead to

A

uremia

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17
Q

uremia

A

elevated BUN

- can cause diarrhea, vomitting, dyspnea, cardiac arrhythmia, convulsions, coma, and even death

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18
Q

excretion

A

the process of discharging waste materials across cell membranes

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19
Q

skin- excretions and glands

A

sudoriferous glands in skin eliminate excess heat and excrete water and small amounts of salts and urea during perspiration

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20
Q

lungs

A

excrete large quantities of carbon dioxide and small amounts of water vapor

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21
Q

liver

A

extracts bilirubin from erythrocytes and excretes it as bile by adding it to feces

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22
Q

kidneys

A

excrete nitrogenous wastes and other substances by adding them to urine

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23
Q

description of kidneys

A

reddish brown organs that extend from T-12 to L-3 behind parietal peritoneum against posterior abdominal wall

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24
Q

right kidney

A

slightly lower because of the liver

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25
Q

adult kidney

A

larger- about 150 grams

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26
Q

lateral surface of each kidney

A

is convex and the medial surface is concave

- blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves, ureter attach to renal hilum

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27
Q

renal capsule

A

a smooth, transparent membrane that each kidney is enclosed within

28
Q

adipose capsule

A

fatty adipose capsule cushions kidney from trauma and holds it in place

29
Q

renal fascia

A

fibrous renal fascia anchors kidney to abdominal wall

30
Q

frontal section through kidney

A

shows c-shaped parenchyma with two distinct zones

31
Q

renal cortex

A

superficial reddish zone

32
Q

renal medulla

A

deep brownish zone

33
Q

renal parenchyma

A

glandular tissue that forms urine

34
Q

portions of the renal cortex extend into the renal medulla to form

A

renal columns

35
Q

renal pyramids

A

striated, cone-shaped renal pyramids are loacted within renal medulla

36
Q

apex of each renal pyramid

A

forms renal papilla that faces hilum

37
Q

the papilla of each renal pyramid is enclosed within a

A

minor calyx that collects urine

38
Q

major calyx

A

urine from 2 or 3 minor calyces is delivered to major calyx

39
Q

renal pelvis

A

2 or 3 major calyces empty urine into renal pelvis

40
Q

each kidney contains over one million

A

nephrons, which carry out the kidney’s functions

41
Q

renal corpuscle

A

consists of a glomerulus, which is a ball of capillaries that is enclosed within a two-layered Bowman’s capsule

42
Q

outer parietal layer of renal corpuscle is composed of

A

simple squamous epithelium

43
Q

inner visceral layer of renal corpuscle consists of

A

podocytes that wrap around capillaries

44
Q

renal tubule

A

extends about 3 cm from Bowman’s capsule to the tip of a renal pyramid

45
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

PCT- arises from Bowman’s capsule

- it is the longest segment and contains simple cuboidal epithelium with numerous microvilli.

46
Q

microvilli

A

form a ‘brush border’ to increase surface area

47
Q

nephron loop of Henle

A

extends from PCT into renal medulla

48
Q

descending limb

A

a thin segment of simple squamous epithelium

- very permeable to water

49
Q

ascending limb

A

a thick segment of simple cuboidal epithelium

- involved in salt transport

50
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

DCT- begins when loop of Henle returns to renal cortex

51
Q

macula densa

A

cluster of epithelial cells at beginning of DCT

52
Q

collecting duct

A

terminal structure of renal tubule

53
Q

several nephrons and collecting ducts

A

several nephrons empty urine into a single collecting duct

- it joins with other collecting ducts to transfer urine into a papillary duct

54
Q

cortical nephrons

A

short nephron loops that barely dip into the renal medulla

55
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons

A

have very long nephron loops that extend deep into the renal medulla

56
Q

the kidneys are richly supplied with

A

blood vessels and as much as 25% of the circulating blood supply can be in the kidneys at any moment

57
Q

blood enters a kidney from the aorta by way of

A

a renal artery that branches many times until it gives rise to a series of afferenet arterioles

58
Q

juxtaglomerular cells

A

located in wall of an afferent arterioles are modified smooth muscle juxtaglomerular (JG) cells

59
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

JG cells combine with macula densa cells to form a juxtaglomerular apparatus

60
Q

at the end of each afferent arteriole

A

is the collection of glomerular capillaries

61
Q

the blood that supplies a nephron passes through

A

two capillary beds

62
Q

glomerular capillaries reunite to form

A

efferent arteriole that drains them after they produce filtrate

63
Q

efferent arteriole divides to form

A

peritubular capillaries that surround each cortical nephron

- reclaim most filtrate

64
Q

efferent arterioles divides to form _______ _____ that surround each juxtamedullary nephron

A

vasa recta

65
Q

blood exits these capillaries and enters

A

venules, which form a series of veins that eventually merge to form the renal vein that delivers blood to the inferior vena cava

BIOL 314 Exam 4 (13 decks)

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