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Bio 211 > Water, Electrolyte, Acid-Base Balance > Flashcards

Water, Electrolyte, Acid-Base Balance Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the main components of extracellular fluid

A

Extracellular (outside cell membrane): increased Na+ (90% of sodium), Ca+2,Cl-, HCO3

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2
Q

How much of the water is extracellular

A

1/3

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3
Q

Most important component of extracellular fluid is

A

Na

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4
Q

Describe the main components of intracellular fluid

A

Increased amounts of K,
Mg, PO4 -3, SO4 -2,

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5
Q

Most important component of intracellular fluid

A

K

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6
Q

Percentage of water in intracellular fluid

A

75%

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7
Q

What makes molecules move from intracellular to extracellular regions?

A

Osmotic pressure

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8
Q

Extracellular components

A

Na, Ca, Cl, HCO3, water

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9
Q

Intracellular components

A

K, Mg, PO4, SO4, water

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10
Q

Discuss sodium potassium output in the renal system

A

Na + your body conserves

Renal tubules increase the reabsorption of Na and excrete the K

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11
Q

Discuss Ca +2 balance in the renal system

A

Renal tubules conserve the Calcium for bones and muscle flexion
2. Phosphate is excreted

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12
Q

Ca +2 is regulated by which gland?

A

Parathyroid gland

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13
Q

Kidneys function in electrolyte balance

A

Regulate Na and K, Ca and PO4,
Help make sure you have perfect amount of ions to maintain homeostasis

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14
Q

Discuss the bicarbonate buffer system in detail

A
  1. One of three ways in which blood pH is maintained
  2. H+ HCO3—> H2CO3 —> H+ HCO3
  3. The bicarbonate ions convert a strong acid to a weak acid. Meanwhile, the carbonic acid converts a strong base to a weak base.
    Helping maintain pH in the blood.
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15
Q

Acids have an excess amount of

A

Hydrogen ions

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16
Q

Bases have an excess of

A

OH

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17
Q

Human blood pH

A

7.35-7.45

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18
Q

Three ways in which blood pH is maintained

A
  1. Bicarbonate buffer system
  2. Phosphate buffer system
  3. Protein buffer system
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19
Q

Why is it bad for people’s blood pH to change?

A

People can die

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20
Q

List three ways to regulate hydrogen concentration

A
  1. Bicarbonate system
  2. Phosphate system
  3. Protein system
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21
Q

How does the bicarbonate system help regulate hydrogen concentration

A

Uses the Carbon and hydrogens, goes back and forth between bicarbonate and carbonic acid

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22
Q

How does the phosphate system help regulate hydrogen ion concentration

A

Uses phosphates
Goes back and forth with hydrogen

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23
Q

What are the acidic values on the pH scale

A

0 to 7

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24
Q

What are the basic values on the pH scale

A

7 to 14

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25
Q

What is a neutral pH

A

7

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26
Q

Which value represents severe acidosis in the blood

A

6.8

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27
Q

Which value represents severe alkalinity in the blood

A

8

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28
Q

List the four types of pH clinical problems giving symptoms

A
  1. Respiratory acidosis
  2. Respiratory alkalosis
  3. Metabolic acidosis
    4.Metabolic Alkalosis
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29
Q

CO2 is

A

Acidic

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30
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

Patient is not breathing well and removing carbon dioxide from body

  • increased CO2 and increased carbonic acid
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31
Q

What are the symptoms of respiratory acidosis

A
  1. Not breathing well
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32
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

A

Hyperventilation
Getting CO2 out but not getting Oxygen in well

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33
Q

Symptoms of respiratory alkalosis

A

-lightheadedness
-dizziness
-agitation
-hyperventilation

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34
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A

Think digestion
-Kidneys start to fail during metabolic acidosis
-diarrhea and vomiting

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35
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

A

-think about diuretics
-vomiting
-decrease in gastric acid

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36
Q

Homeostasis

A

Bodies tendency to maintain a stable internal balance

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37
Q

How do water and electrolytes enter and exit the body

A

Water and electrolytes have equal amounts that enter and leave the body intake equals output

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38
Q

Water and electrolyte balance are interdependent true or false

A

True

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39
Q

Detrustors

A

Muscles that contract to control urination are

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40
Q

Electrolytes

A

Substances that release ions in water

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41
Q

Acids

A

Electrolytes that dissociate to release hydrogen ions into water

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42
Q

Bases

A

Substances that release ions that can combine with hydrogen ions

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43
Q

Salts

A

Electrolytes formed by the reaction between an acid and a base

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44
Q

Anaerobic respiration body makes energy without

A

Oxygen , helps release H+ in process

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45
Q

Anytime anaerobic respiration occurs to make energy , it’s going to release

A

H+ ,

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46
Q

What rises when we break down sulfur and amino acids

A

H+

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47
Q

Indicates concentration of hydrogen ions in solution

A

pH

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48
Q

Indicates concentration of hydrogen ions in solution

A

PH

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49
Q

Indicates equal concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide

A

Neutral pH 7

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50
Q

Occurs when blood pH rises to 7.5 to 7.8

A

Alkalosis occurs

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51
Q

Occurs when blood pH drops to 7.0 to 7.3

A

Acidosis

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52
Q

Chemicals which act to resist pH changes

A

Buffers

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53
Q

Inorganic substances

A

Small compounds that do not contain the atoms carbon and hydrogen

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54
Q

Water

A

-Polar molecule that demonstrates hydrogen bonding
-universal solvent

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55
Q

Blood moves around inorganic salts t/f?

A

True

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56
Q

Amount of Intracellular water

A

2/3 of water

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57
Q

Amount of extracellular water

A

One-third

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58
Q

Interstitial

A

Within tissue spaces

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59
Q

Transcellular

A

Includes CSF, aqueous and vitreous humor synovial fluid serous fluid within body cavities, fld secretions of exocrine glands

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60
Q

What helps you maintain water balance?

A

ADH: makes kidneys store urine
ALDOSTERONE

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61
Q

Greatest electrolyte output source is

A

Kidneys

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62
Q

Electrolytes come from

A

Foods
Fluids
Metabolic reactions

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63
Q

How are electrolytes lost?

A

Perspiration, feces, urine

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64
Q

Ions that are vital for nerve impulse conduction, muscle fiber contraction, and maintenance of cell membrane permeability

A

Na+
K-
Ca 2+

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65
Q

Which ions account for nearly 90% of the positively charged ions in extracellular fluids

A

Na

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66
Q

How is potassium and sodium balance regulated

A
  1. Potassium ion concentration increases
  2. Adrenal cortex is signaled
  3. Aldosterone is secreted
  4. Renal tubules increase reabsorption of sodium ions and increase secretion of potassium ions
  5. Sodium ions are conserved and potassium ions are excreted
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67
Q

4 functions of Calcium

A

1.Muscle contraction
2.nervous system
3. Bone development
4. Blood clotting

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68
Q

How does calcium regulate muscle contraction

A

Binds to muscle cell and opens up the channel for depolarization

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69
Q

How does calcium help the nervous system

A

Helps signals jump the synapse

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70
Q

Hypercalcemia

A

High concentration of calcium

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71
Q

What causes hypercalcemia

A

-hyperparathyroidism
-cancers

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72
Q

Cancer induced symptoms of hypercalcemia

A

Weakness
Fatigue
Impaired mental function
Polyuria
Polydipsia

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73
Q

Hypocalcemia

A

Low calcium

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74
Q

Causes of hypocalcemia

A

-removal of parathyroid gland
-vitamin d deficiency
-may be life threatening- muscle spasms in airways, cardiac arrhythmias

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75
Q

What increases blood calcium

A

Parathyroid hormone

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76
Q

Vitamin D

A

Regulates calcium absorption

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77
Q

Calcitonin from thyroid function

A

Decreases Calcium in the blood

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78
Q

Five sources of H+ ions

A

1-2. Glucose metabolism (Aerobic and anaerobic)-carbonic and lactic acid
3.breaking down amino acids -sulfuric acids
4. Breaking down fats. Fatty acids. Acidic ketone bodies
5. Breaking down nucleic acids& phosphoproteins- phosphoric acid

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79
Q

Strong acids

A

Release more H+ , ionize more completely

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80
Q

Weak acids

A

Ionize less completely, release fewer H+

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81
Q

Strong bases

A

Ionize more completely and release more OH-

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82
Q

Weak bases

A

Ionize less completely and release fewer OH

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83
Q

Regulation of H+ ion concentration

A

1.Acid base buffer systems
2.Respiratory excretion of carbon dioxide
3.Renal excretion of hydrogen ions

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84
Q

Physiological buffers

A

1.Respiratory mechanism (CO2 excretion)
2. Renal mechanism (H+ excretion)

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85
Q

Phosphate system equation

A

H+HPO4-2—->H2PO4—>H+HPO4-2

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86
Q

Explain how the phosphate system works

A

1.The monohydrogen phosphate ion converts a strong acid to a weak acid
2. The dihydrogen phosphate ion converts a strong base to a weak base

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87
Q

Protein buffer system equation

A

-NH2+H+<—>-NH3+

NH3+ group releases a H ion in the presence of excess base

-COOH<—> -COO-+H+

COO- group accepts a hydrogen ion in the presence of excess acid

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88
Q

Respiratory excretion of CO2 is controlled by

A

Brainstem

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89
Q

What does the brainstem do?

A

-respiratory center
-controls the rate and depth of breathing
-INCREASES PRODUCTION OF CO2

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90
Q

What does increased CO2 do?

A

Stimulate the brain stem

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91
Q

CO2 reacts with H2O to produce

A

H2CO3

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92
Q

How does the body get rid of the excess H+ free radical?

A

Stimulating respiratory center in the brainstem

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93
Q

Survival range of pH

A

6.8-8.0

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94
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

-Increased CO2,
-Increased carbonic acid
-Not breathing well

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95
Q

-excess breathing
-excessive CO2 coming out
-too few carbonic acid

A

Respiratory alkalosis

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96
Q

Metabolic acidosis

A

Kidneys may fail at excreting H+
Digestive

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97
Q

Diuretic, vomiting, decreased gastric juices

A

Metabolic alkalosis

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98
Q

Drowsiness, disorientation, stupor, labored breathing

A

Respiratory acidosis

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99
Q

What happens as CO2 levels rise?

A

Carbonic acid levels rise

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100
Q

What happens as carbonic acid levels rise?

A

pH decreases

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101
Q

Diuretic drugs and antacid intake

A

Metabolic alkalosis

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102
Q

Decrease in breathing rate and depth

A

Metabolic alkalosis

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103
Q

Decrease in breathing rate and depth results in

A

Increased concentration of carbon dioxide in blood

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104
Q

Dehydration

A

Lack of water

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105
Q

Who is more susceptible to dehydration

A

Infants and the elderly

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106
Q

Organs of the urinary system

A

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

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107
Q

Filter blood and remove toxins , makes urine

A

Kidneys

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108
Q

Kidneys

A

Filter blood and form urine

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109
Q

Ureters

A

Transport urine from the kidneys to urinary bladder

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110
Q

Urinary bladder

A

Collects and stores urine

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111
Q

Urethra

A

Conveys urine from urinary bladder to outside of body

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112
Q

Functions of urinary system

A

Maintain composition, pH and volume of fluids within normal limits

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113
Q

Order or urinary system

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary bladder
Urethra

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114
Q

Location of kidneys

A

-lateral to vertebral column
-behind abdominal cavity

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115
Q

Retroperitoneal

A

Behind the peritoneum of the abdominal cavity

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116
Q

Describe the surface of the kidney

A

Convex lateral surface and concave medial surface

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117
Q

Renal sinus

A

Hollow chamber in medial depression

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118
Q

Hilum

A

Entrance to renal sinus

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119
Q

Renal pelvis

A

Funnel-shaped sac; superior end of ureter

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120
Q

Major calyces

A

Large tubes that merge to form renal pelvis

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121
Q

Minor calyces

A

Small tubes that merge to form major calyces

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122
Q

Renal medulla

A

Inner region; composed of renal pyramids

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123
Q

Renal cortex

A

Outer region of kidney

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124
Q

Renal columns

A

Extensions of the cortex that dip into medulla

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125
Q

Renal capsule

A

Fibrous capsule around kidney

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126
Q

Renal capsule

A

Fibrous capsule around kidney

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127
Q

Nephrons:

A

functional units of kidney, each of which is a site of urine production

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128
Q

How many nephrons in each kidney

A

Over a million

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129
Q

Part of the nephron is in

A

The cortex, but it dips down into medulla

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130
Q

The left kidney is slightly superior to

A

The right kidney

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131
Q

What does the renal pelvis do?

A

Collects all of the urine from the kidney and then narrows as it leaves the kidney to become the ureter

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132
Q

All functions of the kidney

A

1.Filters blood and excretes waste
2. Regulates volume, composition, and pH of body fluids
3. Secretes erythropoietin
4. Secretes renin
5. Metabolizes vitamin D to active form to active form for Calcium absorption

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133
Q

Renin

A

Enzyme regulate blood pressure and kidney fx

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134
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Hormone that stimulates RBC production in bone marrow

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135
Q

Hemodialysis

A

Person’s blood is re-routed so person’s blood is re-routed so it crosses an artificial membrane that cleans out and filters the blood.

Usually occurs 3 times a week

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136
Q

Renal artery

A

Enters each kidney through the hilum and continues to branch through the nephrons

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137
Q

Describe the branching of the renal arteries

A

RIACA
1. Renal artery
2. Interlobar artery
3. Arcuate artery (arciform)
4.Cortical radiate (interlobular artery)
5. Afferent arteriole

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138
Q

Each enters a nephron

A

Afferent arteriole

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139
Q

From the nephron, venous blood returns to the

A

Renal vein

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140
Q

Branching of the renal vein

A

CAIR
1.Cortical radiate (interlobular) vein
2. Arcuate (arciform) vein
3. Interlobar vein
4. Renal vein

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141
Q

Renal artery comes from

A

Abdominal aorta

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142
Q

Hilum contains

A

Renal arteries, renal veins and the location where the ureters meet.

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143
Q

The abdominal aorta separates out into

A

Renal artery

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144
Q

Afferent arterioles go into

A

Glomerulus

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145
Q

Afferent arteriole leads to

A

Glomerulus

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146
Q

Describe the blood flow inside of each nephron

A

1.Afferent arteriole 2.glomerulus
3. efferent arteriole 4.peritubular capillaries

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147
Q

Interlobar artery branches into

A

ACAGE
1.Arcuate artery
2.Cortical radiate artery
3.Afferent arteriole
4. Glomerular capillaries
5. Efferent arteriole

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148
Q

Parts of a nephron

A

Renal corpuscle
Renal tubule

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149
Q

Parts of the renal corpuscle

A
  1. Glomerulus
  2. Glomerular bowman’s capsule
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150
Q

Glomerulus

A

Cluster of capillaries
Filters blood

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151
Q

First step in urine formation

A

Glomerulus

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152
Q

Flow from afferent arteriole

A

Afferent arteriole>glomerulus>efferent arteriole

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153
Q

Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

A

Receives filtrate from glomerulus

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154
Q

Renal tubule

A

Extends from the glomerular capsule to the collecting duct

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155
Q

Pathway of filtrate inside renal tubule

A

1.Glomerular capsule
2. Proximal convoluted tubule
3.Nephron loop (loop of Henle)
4. Distal convoluted tubule

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156
Q

Nephron loop is composed of

A

Ascending and descending limb

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157
Q

The distal convoluted tubules of several nephrons empty into each

A

Collecting duct

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158
Q

The collecting duct continues …

A

The collecting duct continues through the medulla and joins other collecting ducts to drain through renal papillae into a minor calyx

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159
Q

Around the glomerulus

A

Bowman’s capsule

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160
Q

What releases renin

A

Renal tubule

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161
Q

Renin

A

Hormone that regulates water balance and stimulates aldosterone which helps regulate BP

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162
Q

Helps with water balance and blood pressure

A

Renin

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163
Q

Site of blood filtration in the kidney

A

glomerulus

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164
Q

Flow of filtrate through renal tubule

A
  1. Proximal convoluted tubule
  2. Nephron loop
  3. Distal convoluted tubule
  4. Collecting duct
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165
Q

Which tubule is closest to glomerulus

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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166
Q

The blood vessels associated with the nephron are unique to the

167
Q

Sequence of structures involved in the process of urine formation

A
  1. Glomerulus
  2. Glomerular capsule
  3. Proximal convoluted tubule
  4. Nephron loop (descending, ascending)
  5. Distal convoluted tubule
  6. Collecting duct
168
Q

Sequence of structures involved in the process of urine elimination

A

1.Minor calyx
2. major calyx
3. renal pelvis
4. ureter
5. urinary bladder
6. urethra

169
Q

Types of nephrons in the kidney

A

1.Cortical nephron 2.juxtamedullary nephron

170
Q

The majority of nephrons are

A

Cortical nephrons

171
Q

Cortical nephrons

A

Sit high in cortex with short nephron loops

172
Q

Sit low in cortex and have long nephron loops

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

173
Q

Function of juxtamedullary nephrons

A

Important in regulating water balance and urine concentration

174
Q

Which nephrons make up a small percentage of nephrons

A

Juxtamedullary nephrons

175
Q

Which nephrons dip down into the medulla

A

The juxtamedullary nephrons

176
Q

Which nephrons are more important

A

The juxtamedullary nephrons are the most important

177
Q

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

A structure that regulates the secretion of renin

178
Q

What forms the juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

The point where the ascending limb comes into contact with the afferent arteriole

179
Q

The top portion of the ascending limb of the nephron loop of each nephron passes between the

A

Afferent and efferent arterioles

180
Q

Macula densa

A

Tall closely packed cells of the ascending limb

181
Q

Juxtaglomerular cells

A

Large vascular smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole

182
Q

What regulates the renin angiotensin system which increases blood pressure

A

Renin secreted by the juxtaglomerular apparatus

183
Q

Which system increases blood pressure

A

The renin angiotensin system increases blood pressure

184
Q

Renin stimulates aldosterone to be released this is called

A

Renin angiotensin system

185
Q

Nephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidney

186
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

Inflammation of the glomeruli, acute or chronic

187
Q

Results of abnormal immune reaction one to three weeks after infection by the beta hemolytic streptococcus

A

Acute glomerulonephritis AGN

188
Q

What occurs in acute glomerulonephritis AGN

A

-Infection does not start in kidney
-antigen-antibody complexes form insoluble immune complexes which lodge in the kidneys
-complexes deposit in and block glomeruli

189
Q

Chronic glomerulonephritis

A

-progressive disease
- more and more nephrons are damaged until kidneys cannot function
-prolonged inflammation
-fibrous tissue replaces glomerular membranes disabling nephrons

190
Q

-progressive disease
- more and more nephrons are damaged until kidneys cannot function
-prolonged inflammation
-fibrous tissue replaces glomerular membranes disabling nephrons

A

Chronic glomerulonephritis

191
Q

Which glomerulonephritis is short lasted

A

Acute , comes from strep

192
Q

Do kidneys regain function after glomerulonephritis

A

The kidneys regain function in acute glomerulonephritis AGN

193
Q

What does urine contain

A

Wastes,
excess water,
and electrolytes

194
Q

What are the three processes of urine formation

A
  1. Glomerular filtration
  2. Tubular reabsorption
  3. Tubular secretion
195
Q

Glomerular filtration

A

Blood is filtered in the glomerulus

196
Q

Where does tubular reabsorption occur

A

Tubular reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule and the descending loop of Henle

197
Q

Where does the most of the tubular reabsorption occur

A

In the proximal convoluted tubule

198
Q

Where does tubular secretion occur

A

In the ascending loop of Henley

199
Q

First step in making urine

A

Glomerular filtration

200
Q

What happens during glomerular filtration

A

Movement of water and small solutes from the glomerulus into the glomerular capsule.

Fenestrae allow small molecules to leave the glomerular capillaries

201
Q

Glomerulus

A

Tangled blood capillaries from which plasma and chemicals leave the bloodstream and enter the renal tubule system

202
Q

Tangled blood capillaries from which plasma and chemicals leave the bloodstream and enter the renal tubule system

A

Glomerulus

203
Q

Pressure behind glomerular filtration

A

Hydrostatic pressure

204
Q

Pressure behind glomerular filtration

A

Hydrostatic pressure

205
Q

As long as the net filtration pressure in the glomerulus is positive ________ will occur

A

Filtration

206
Q

If the arterial BP drops…

A

The glomerular hydrostatic pressure falls
Can lead to acute renal failure

207
Q

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure pushes in what direction

208
Q

The plasma colloid osmotic pressure pushes in what direction

209
Q

What does the renin angiotensin system respond to

A

decrease in blood pressure

210
Q

What does the renin angiotensin system use to regulate blood pressure

A

1.Vasoconstriction
2. secretion of ADH 3.aldosterone

211
Q

What does the renin angiotensin system result in

A

Conservation of:
1.sodium
2. water
3. increase in blood pressure

212
Q

What helps keep GFR constant

A

The renin angiotensin system

213
Q

Renin stimulates the formation of

A

Aldosterone

214
Q

ADH

A

Anti diuretic hormone
Stimulates nephrons to store water, put water back into the blood. Increases BP

215
Q

How much glucose should be in your urine

216
Q

What does glucose in the urine likely indicate

217
Q

Tubular reabsorption

A

Movement of substances from the renal tubules into the interstitial fluid where they diffuse into the peritubular capillaries

Substances go out of the tube and into the blood

218
Q

Direction of glomerular filtration

A

Out of the blood and into the tubule

219
Q

Direction of tubular reabsorption

A

From the tubule back into the blood

220
Q

Tubular secretion

A

Movement of waste from Peritubular capillaries into renal tubules

221
Q

Most tubular reabsorption occurs in

A

The proximal convoluted tubule which is lined with microvilli

222
Q

What percentage of tubular reabsorption occurs in the proximal convoluted tubule

223
Q

The proximal convoluted tubule is lined with

A

Microvilli

224
Q

Just puts a little bit back

A

Tubular secretion

225
Q

Different parts of the renal tubule reabsorb specific

A

Substances

226
Q

Different substances are transported back into the internal environment by different methods of transport t/f?

227
Q

Movement of substances against their concentration gradients limited transport capacity due to number of carrier proteins

A

Active transport

228
Q

When is the renal plasma threshold reached?

A

When there is more transported substance in the plasma then the active transport mechanism can handle; excess spills into forming urine

229
Q

Which substances are moved by active transport during tubular reabsorption

A

Glucose,
amino acids,
creatine,
lactic,
citric,
uric,
ascorbic acid,
ions

230
Q

How is osmosis used in tubular reabsorption

A

Water reabsorption

231
Q

How is endocytosis used in tubular reabsorption

A

Small protein reabsorption

232
Q

Substances are transported out of the tubular fluid and into the peritubular capillaries

A

Tubular reabsorption

233
Q

Percentage of water in the urine

234
Q

Nephrotic syndrome

A

A set of symptoms that occur in people with renal disease
-loss of plasma proteins,
-edema
-loss of plasma proteins into urine causes widespread edema and increased likelihood of infection

235
Q

Kidneys maintain internal environment by reabsorbing

236
Q

In the proximal convoluted tubule sodium ions are reabsorbed by

A

Active transport

237
Q

In the proximal convoluted tubule water is reabsorbed by

238
Q

Substances move from the plasma of the peritubular capillaries into the fluid of the renal tubules

A

Tubular secretion

239
Q

Substances move from the plasma of the peritubular capillaries into the fluid of the renal tubules

A

Tubular secretion

240
Q

What is secreted during tubular secretion

A

waste destined to be excreted in the urine

241
Q

Active transport mechanisms function in tubular secretion, but

A

Active transport happens in the opposite direction as tubular reabsorption

242
Q

Secretion of substances such as drugs and ions such as potassium occurs in

A

Tubular secretion

243
Q

Secretion of hydrogen ions important in regulating the pH of body fluids occurs in

A

Tubular secretion

244
Q

Examples of drugs excreted during tubular secretion

A

Penicillin
Phenylbardenaul

245
Q

Final secretions of hydrogen and potassium

A

Tubular secretion

246
Q

Tubular secretion of potassium ions occurs in

A

The distal convoluted tubule

247
Q

What occurs simultaneously as tubular secretion of potassium ions occurs

A

Sodium ions are reabsorbed as potassium ions are secreted

248
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

Responsible for reabsorption of water

249
Q

ADH comes from which gland

A

pituitary gland

250
Q

If antidiuretic hormone is present the segments

A

Become permeable and water is reabsorbed by osmosis into the extremely hypertonic medullary interstitial fluid

251
Q

Urine becomes very concentrated under the direction of

252
Q

Juxtamedullary nephrons are more important in the regulation of

A

Water reabsorption

253
Q

Urine becomes very concentrated under the direction of

254
Q

The distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct are impermeable to water in the presence of

255
Q

What causes water to be excreted as dilute urine

A

The absence of antidiuretic hormone

256
Q

The ability of the kidneys to maintain the internal environment depends on their ability to concentrate urine by

A

Reabsorbing large volumes of water

257
Q

Which hormones affect the solute concentration of urine particularly sodium

A

Aldosterone and cardiac natriuretic peptides

258
Q

What happens when you have toxins I your blood like alcohol

A

You don’t release ADH, so you pee a lot

259
Q

What causes your head to hurt during a hangover

A

Dehydration

260
Q

It’s important to drink water while you

A

Drink alcohol

261
Q

Counter current multiplier

A

The water, when there is ADH, it leaves the tubule and goes back into the capillaries

262
Q

Filtration of water and dissolved substances from plasma

A

Glomerulus

263
Q

Receives the glomerular filtrate

A

Glomerular capsule

264
Q

Where does the Reabsorption of the following substances happen glucose, amino acids, creatine, lactic acid, uric acid, ascorbic acid, phosphate, sulfate, calcium, potassium, and sodium ions by active transport

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

265
Q

Reabsorption of proteins by endocytosis

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

266
Q

Reabsorption of water by osmosis happens in

A

Descending loop, distal convoluted tubule & collecting duct

267
Q

Reabsorption of chloride ions and other negatively charged ions by electrochemical attraction

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

268
Q

Act of secretion of substances such as penicillin, histamine, creatinine, and hydrogen ions

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

269
Q

In which part of the nephron does Reabsorption of water by osmosis occur?

A

Descending limb of the nephron loop

270
Q

Reabsorption of sodium, chloride, and potassium ions by active transport

A

Ascending limb of the nephron loop

271
Q

Reabsorption of sodium ions by active transport

A

Distal & proximal convoluted tubule

272
Q

Reabsorption of water by osmosis

A

Distal convoluted tubule

273
Q

Active secretion of hydrogen ions

A

Distal convoluted tubule

274
Q

Secretion of potassium ions both actively and by electrochemical attraction

A

Distal convoluted tubule

275
Q

Collecting duct

A

Reabsorption of water by osmosis

276
Q

Not anatomically part of the nephron but functionally linked in the process of urine formation

A

The collecting duct

277
Q

Urea is a by-product of

A

Amino acid catabolism

278
Q

The plasma concentration reflects the amount of

A

Protein in the diet

279
Q

Describe the movement of urea

A

1.Enters the renal tubules through glomerular filtration,
2. undergoes both tubular reabsorption and
3. tubular secretion

280
Q

Percentage of urea that is reabsorbed

281
Q

Percentage of urea that is excreted in the urine

282
Q

Product of nucleic acid catabolism

283
Q

Describe the movement of uric acid

A

It enters the renal tubules through glomerular filtration

284
Q

Active transport completely reabsorbed the

A

Filtered uric acid

285
Q

What percentage of uric acid enters the urine through tubular secretion and is excreted

286
Q

Urea

A

A byproduct of amino acid catabolism

287
Q

Uric acid

A

A product of nucleic acid metabolism

288
Q

The majority of urine composition is

289
Q

Which metabolic waste products are normally found in the urine

A

Urea uric acid and creatinine
Trace amounts of amino acids and varying amounts of electrolytes

290
Q

What is the typical urine volume

A

0.6-2.5 L/day; 50-60 mL of urine output/hr is normal

291
Q

Urine volume varies with

A

Fluid intake and environmental factors

292
Q

Less than 30 ml an hour indicates

A

Kidney failure

293
Q

Renal clearance

A

-The rate at which chemical is removed from the plasma by kidney
-indicates kidney efficiency glomerular damage and progression of renal disease

294
Q

-The rate at which chemical is removed from the plasma by kidney
-indicates kidney efficiency glomerular damage and progression of renal disease

A

Renal clearance

295
Q

Renal clearance tests

A
  1. Inulin clearance test(a polysaccharide of some plant roots)
  2. Creatinine clearance test
296
Q

Why can we use renal clearance test to calculate the glomerular filtration rate GFR

A

The substances are both filtered by the glomerulus but neither is reabsorbed nor secreted

297
Q

Measures glomerular filtration rate

A

Renal clearance tests

298
Q

Ureters

A

Tubular organs that join the urinary bladder in the pelvic cavity

299
Q

Each ureter begins as

A

Renal pelvis in kidney

300
Q

How long are the ureters

A

About 25 cms long

301
Q

Layers of the walls of the ureter

A
  1. Inner mucous coat (transitional epithelium)
  2. Middle muscular coat
  3. Outer fibrous coat
302
Q

What transports urine along the ureters

A

Peristaltic waves

303
Q

Kidney stone (renal calculus)

304
Q

Renal calculus

A

Kidney stone

305
Q

What triggers the ureterorenal reflex

A

An obstruction such as a kidney stone in a ureter

306
Q

Ureterorenal reflex

A

-Strong peristaltic waves in the obstructed ureter to move Stone toward the urinary bladder.
- reduced urine production in affected kidney

307
Q

What can make a kidney stone

A

1.Uric acid
2.calcium oxalate
3. calcium phosphate
4. magnesium phosphate

308
Q

Where do kidney stones form

A

In the collecting ducts or renal pelvis of kidney

309
Q

Symptoms of a kidney stone

A

1.Severe pain
2. nausea
3. vomiting
4. blood in urine

310
Q

What percentage of kidney stones pass on their own

311
Q

Lithotripsy

A

Shattering of a kidney stone with a laser

312
Q

How can you get rid of a kidney stone

A

-60% pass on their own
-lithotripsy
-surgical removal

313
Q

Can the tendency to form kidney stones be inherited

A

Yes, especially calcium stones

314
Q

What are the causes of a kidney stone

A

1.Calcium supplements (in people with inherited tendency)
2. Excess vitamin D
3. Urinary tract blockage 4.urinary tract infections

315
Q

Urinary bladder

A

Hollow dispensable muscular organ located within the pelvic cavity
Stores urine

316
Q

What is the location of the urinary bladder

A

Posterior to the pubic symphysis and inferior to the parietal peritoneum

317
Q

Trigone

A

Triangle at the floor of the bladder that has openings at each of its three corners: two to the ureters and one to the urethra

318
Q

Detrusor muscle is made of

A

Smooth muscle fibers of muscular coat

319
Q

What surrounds the neck of the bladder

A

Internal urethral sphincter

320
Q

Micturition

A

Process of urinating

321
Q

Bladder is anterior to

322
Q

Prostate gland is inferior to the

A

Male urinary bladder

323
Q

Urethra

A

Tubular organ that conveys urine from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

324
Q

The urethra is lined with

A

The urethra is lined with a mucus membrane and has a thick layer of longitudinal smooth muscle fibers

325
Q

Urethral glands

A

Many mucus glands in the urethra

326
Q

Describe the female urethra

A

-4 cm long
- external urethral orifice is anterior to the vaginal opening

327
Q

Describe the male urethra

A

-19.5 cm long
-functions in urination and reproduction

328
Q

Three sections of the male urethra

A
  1. Prostatic Urethra
  2. Membranous urethra
  3. Spongy urethra: terminates at the external urethral orifice in penis
329
Q

Cystitis

A

Bladder infection
More common in females

330
Q

Urine leaves the urinary bladder

A

Micturition urination reflex

331
Q

Fused kidneys that lie on one side of the midline

A

Crossed fused ectopia

332
Q

Fusion of kidneys at one pole, usually lower, with most of each kidney on opposing side of midline

A

Horseshoe kidney

333
Q

Proteinuria (protein in urine) due to abnormal glomeruli

A

Nephrotic syndrome

334
Q

Reduced number of nephrons that are abnormally large

A

Oligomeganephronia

335
Q

Polycystic Kidney Disease

A

Cysts form in renal tubules and or collecting ducts

336
Q

Renal agenesis

A

Absence of a kidney

337
Q

Renal displasia

A

Abnormal kidney structure

338
Q

Renal hypoplasia

A

Small kidney with fewer nephrons but development normal

339
Q

Tubular dysgenesis

A

Abnormal formation of proximal tubules

340
Q

Vesicoureteral reflux

A

Urine backs up from bladder to ureter of kidney

341
Q

The urinary bladder holds how much urine

342
Q

The urge to urinate begins when the bladder contains

343
Q

Urinalysis

A

Can be used to diagnose certain diseases or disorders and check for drug usage

344
Q

Why is urinalysis helpful

A

There are several harmful inherited disorders that alter the urine color and sometimes viscosity

345
Q

Beeturia

A

urine turns pink after eating beets

346
Q

Asparagus can cause

A

Urinary excretion of odiferous component of asparagus

347
Q

People with untreated diabetes mellitus might have____ in their urine

348
Q

People with untreated diabetes mellitus might have____ in their urine

349
Q

What happens to urinary system as you get older

A

-Bladder, ureters and urethra lose elasticity.
- Bladder holds less urine

350
Q

When does dehydration occur

A

When water output exceeds input

351
Q

Who is most susceptible to dehydration

A

Infants and the elderly

352
Q

What happens to the extracellular fluid when dehydration occurs

A

The extracellular fluid becomes concentrated

353
Q

What happens to the skin and mucus membranes when a person is dehydrated

A

The skin and mucous membranes and mouth feel dry

354
Q

What happens to body temperature during dehydration

A

Hyperthermia develops because it upsets the sweating mechanisms

355
Q

What happens to cognition during dehydration

A

Cerebral circumstances, mental confusion,
delirium,
coma

356
Q

Water intoxication

A

Hyponatremia as a result of excessive fluid intake can result in death

357
Q

Often seen in runners with excessive fluid intake

A

Water intoxication

358
Q

More likely with longer race time low or high body mass index significant weight gain during race

A

Water intoxication

359
Q

What can happen to body weight during dehydration

360
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Low sodium, result of excess fluid intake can cause death

361
Q

Common causes of hyponatremia

A
  1. Prolonged sweating
  2. Vomiting
    3.diarrhea
    Can all decrease sodium levels
362
Q

Common causes of hyponatremia

A
  1. Prolonged sweating
  2. Vomiting
    3.diarrhea
    Can all decrease sodium levels
363
Q

Does drinking sports drinks prevent water intoxication

A

No significant difference

364
Q

Does drinking sports drinks prevent water intoxication

A

No significant difference

365
Q

Edema

A

Abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid within interstitial spaces

366
Q

Edema

A

Abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid within interstitial spaces

367
Q

What are the five causes of edema

A

1.Hypoprotenemia
2. Obstruction of lymph vessels
3. Increased venous pressure
4. Inflammation
5. Blood pressure meds

368
Q

Hypoprotenemia

A

Low plasma proteins

369
Q

-emia

A

Presence in the blood

370
Q

Swelling

371
Q

Hyponatremia causes

A

1.Prolonged sweating 2.vomiting
3.diarrhea
4.renal disease
5.adrenal cortex disease 6.drinking too much water

372
Q

Renal disease

A

Inadequate reabsorption

373
Q

Adrenal cortex diseases ex

A

Inadequate aldosterone such as Addison disease

374
Q

What happens to cells during hyponatremia

A
  1. Hypotonic extracellular fluid and resulting movement of water into cells by osmosis- water intoxication
375
Q

Aldosterone

A

Hormone that comes from adrenal cortex and increases renal secretion of potassium

376
Q

Hypernatremia is caused by

A

1.Excessive water loss 2.evaporation
3. fever
4. diabetes
5. insufficient ADH

377
Q

What are the effects of hypernatremia

A

-CNS disturbances
-confusion
-stupor
-coma

378
Q

Hypokalemia causes

A
  1. Excessive release of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex- Cushing syndrome
  2. Diuretics that promote potassium excretion
    3.kidney disease
  3. Prolonged vomiting or diarrhea
379
Q

What are the effects of hypokalemia

A

Severe cardiac disturbances such as atrial or ventricular arrhythmias

380
Q

Example of a disease that causes excessive release of aldosterone by adrenal cortex

A

Cushing syndrome

381
Q

Hyperkalemia causes

A

1.Renal diseases that decrease potassium excretion
2. Drugs that promote renal conservation of potassium
3. Insufficient aldosterone secretion- Addison’s Dx
4. Acidosis- causes shift in K

382
Q

What are the effects of hyperkalemia

A

1.Paralysis of skeletal muscles
2. cardiac disturbances cardiac arrest

383
Q

Natremia

384
Q

Calcemia

A

Ca +2 in blood

385
Q

Kalemia

A

Potassium in blood

386
Q

Why is hypocalcemia dangerous

A

-may be life threatening- muscle spasms in airways, cardiac arrhythmias

387
Q

-explain the amine part of the protein buffer system

A

-NH2+H+<—>-NH3+

NH3+ group releases a H ion in the presence of excess base

388
Q

Explain the COOH part of the protein buffer system

A

-COOH<—> -COO-+H+

COO- group accepts a hydrogen ion in the presence of excess acid

389
Q

What branches off the renal artery

A

Interlobar artery

390
Q

What branches off the renal artery

A

2.Interlobar artery

391
Q

What branches off the interlobar artery?

A
  1. Arcuate artery (arciform)
392
Q

What branches off the arcuate arciform artery?

A

4.Cortical radiate (interlobular artery)

393
Q

What branches off the arcuate arciform artery?

A

4.Cortical radiate (interlobular artery)

394
Q

What branches off the cortical radiate interlobular artery

A
  1. Afferent arteriole
395
Q

How do collecting ducts drain?

A

collecting ducts drain through renal papillae into a minor calyx

396
Q

Which kidney is higher up

A

Left kidney

397
Q

Large vascular smooth muscle cells of the afferent arteriole

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

398
Q

Tall closely packed cells of the ascending limb

A

Macula densa

399
Q

Fenestrae

A

Fenestrae allow small molecules to leave the glomerular capillaries

400
Q

Fenestrae

A

Fenestrae allow small molecules to leave the glomerular capillaries

401
Q

Tangled blood capillaries from which plasma and chemicals leave the bloodstream and enter the renal tubule system

A

Glomerulus

402
Q

Tangled blood capillaries from which plasma and chemicals leave the bloodstream and enter the renal tubule system

A

Glomerulus

403
Q

Tangled blood capillaries from which plasma and chemicals leave the bloodstream and enter the renal tubule system

A

Glomerulus

404
Q

Why is it bad to have a loss of plasma proteins?

A

loss of plasma proteins into urine causes widespread edema and increased likelihood of infection

405
Q

What is impermeable to water in the presence of ADH

A

The distal convoluted tubule and the collecting duct

406
Q

Why is the reabsorption of water important?

A

kidneys maintain the internal environment depends on their ability to concentrate urine

407
Q

Why is the reabsorption of water important?

A

kidneys maintain the internal environment depends on their ability to concentrate urine

408
Q

Cells of afferent arteriole

A

Juxtaglomerular cells

409
Q

Cells of the ascending limb

A

Macula densa

410
Q

Where does the reabsorption of water by osmosis happen?

A

Collecting duct

411
Q

Where does the reabsorption of water by osmosis happen?

A

Collecting duct

412
Q

Diuretics function

A

Get rid of potassium

413
Q

Diuretics function

A

Get rid of potassium

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